3772 results for "*oma"

in 109.67 milliseconds.

• Single nucleus RNA sequencing of squamous cell carcinoma arising from mature teratoma of the ovary

  Squamous cell carcinoma arising from mature teratoma is one of the rare ovarian cancers. Therefore, the detailed molecular background of this disease has not been elucidated. The purpose of this study is to investigate the single-cell transcriptional landscape of this disease.

  Study JGAS000521

• Spatiotemporal single-cell analysis reveals a time-dependent immunological modulation by multi-fractionated radiotherapy in esophageal cancer

  Description Here, by integrative spatial and single-cell analyses using spatial transcriptome (VISIUM) and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we examined the spatiotemporal dynamics of immune-response in the tumor microenvironment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) before, during and after RT. The comprehensive single-cell analyses demonstrated the infiltration of immune cells into tumor with the dynamic change of immune-stimulatory and -suppressive gene expression after RT. ScRNA-seq analysis uncovered the time- and cell-type-dependent alteration of gene expression profile from during to after RT. This datasets in the present study will provide the information of RT-induced gene signature to seek an appropriate target of personalized immunotherapy combined with radiotherapy and of determining the timing of the combination therapy.

  Study JGAS000712

• Integrated diagnosis based on transcriptome analysis in suspected pediatric sarcomas

  We performed RNA-sequencing in 47 patients with suspected pediatric sarcomas, to evaluate the potential utility of RNA-seq in the diagnostic process of pediatric sarcoma.

  Study JGAS000284

• Aberrant (pro)renin receptor expression induces genomic instability by chromatin remodeler SMARCA5 disruption during the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

  The aim of the present study is to elucidate whether aberrant (P)RR expression induces genomic instability in human pancreatic ductal epithelial (HPDE) cells, which are transforming into pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).

  Study JGAS000143

• Atezolizumab monotherapy following dCRT indicated a promising cCR rate in patients with unresectable locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (EPOC1802)

  The objective is to analyze tumor and normal cell exome sequencing of esophageal cancer patients participating in the Tenergy trial before treatment and RNA sequencing specimens of tumor biopsy specimens at three points before treatment, after radiation chemotherapy, and after atezolizumab administration, in order to search for biomarkers to predict treatment response. Exome sequencing of pretreatment tumor tissue (27 specimens) and normal tissue (27 specimens) from esophageal cancer patients participating in the Tenergy trial, and RNA sequencing of tumor biopsy specimens at three time points before treatment (28 specimens), after radiation chemotherapy (25 specimens) and after atezolizumab administration (25 specimens).

  Study JGAS000708

• 1. Identidication of molecular biological mechanism associated with the development and prognosis of uterine cancer, uterine sarcoma, and endometrial hyperplasia / 2. Identification of molecular biological mechanism associated with the development of endometriosis and malignant transformation, ovarian cancer, fallopian tubal cancer, peritoneal cancer, and other malignant tumors in gynecological organs

  To clarify the biological difference between clear cell carcinoma and other histological subtypes in ovarian carcinomas by comparing copy number variants, and to identify molecular subtypes and carcinogenesis in clear cell ovarian carcinomas by whole-exome sequencing and RNA-sequencing. Then, characterize high-grade serous carcinomas by NGS-based, integrative genomic analyses, with focus on homologous recombination deficiency, molecular subtypes, prognostic factors and effectiveness of PARP inhibitor. Based on the results of whole-exome sequencing, an investigator-initiated, phase 2 clinical trial will be conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the PARP inhibitor olaparib in HRD-positive cases.

  Study JGAS000789

• Sanger sequencing analysis data using cfRNA from plasma samples in 6 cases, 10 samples, all from sarcoma.

  We examined the levels of cfRNA in the blood of patients with malignant bone and soft tissue tumours harbouring specific fusion genes, to explore the relationship between fusion gene expression in the blood and therapeutic response and disease status, and to validate the clinical utility of liquid biopsy.

  Study JGAS000787

• Amplicon sequencing of duodenal adenoma

  The aim of this study is to analyze the methylation and mutation status of non-ampullary duodenal lesions in order to detect the genetic changes for predicting the progression to adenocarcinomas.

  Study JGAS000352

• Application of targeted long-read methylation sequencing to dissected lung cancer tissues

  To investigate DNA methylation patterns within the tumor microenvironment, multiple regions were dissected from fresh-frozen sections of two lung adenocarcinoma specimens using the Millisect system. These regions were annotated based on spatial transcriptome data. DNA samples extracted from these regions were subjected to targeted long-read methylation sequencing using t-nanoEM. To establish a control dataset, short-read whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on the tumor and normal parts, and long-read WGS was performed on the tumor part.

  Study JGAS000757

• Deciphering craniopharyngioma subtypes: Single-cell analysis of tumor microenvironment and immune networks

  Craniopharyngiomas, including both adamantinomatous (ACP) and squamous papillary (PCP) types, present significant challenges in treatment due to their proximity to critical pituitary structures. In this study, we conducted a single-cell RNA analysis to examine the tumor microenvironments (TME) of ACP and PCP. Single-cell clustering revealed a wide range of cell types, which were further categorized based on gene expression patterns. For ACP, these categories included developing epithelia, calcification, and immune response, while PCP showed developing epithelia, cell cycle, and immune response as prominent categories. Subclustering analysis unveiled different types of immune cells in both ACP and PCP TMEs, with specific patterns of immune responses. Interestingly, smaller tumors were associated with particular immune cell ratios. Furthermore, we identified specific cell-to-cell interactions within the tumor cells. In conclusion, our study has led to the development of a comprehensive cell atlas, shedding light on the molecular characteristics and intricate interplay of immune cells within the TMEs of ACP and PCP.

  Study JGAS000722

• Spatial transcriptomics elucidates medulla niche supporting germinal center response in myasthenia gravis thymoma

  Myasthenia gravis (MG) is known to be epidemiologically associated with abnormalities of the thymus, an organ that maintains central tolerance. However, due to the complexity of the thymus, specific characteristics related to the pathogenesis of MG remain elusive. In our study, we attempted to narrow down the features associated with MG using spatial transcriptome analysis of thymoma and thymic hyperplasia samples. We found that the majority of thymomas were constituted by the cortical region, whereas the medullary region was localized in comparatively restricted areas. Moreover, the medullary region contained polygenic enrichment, MG-specific germinal center structures, and a supporting immune microenvironment. Additionally, neuromuscular medullary thymic epithelial cells (nmTECs), previously identified as MG-specific autoantigen-producing cells, were situated at the cortico-medullary junction. The immune microenvironment in the medulla was characterized by a specific chemokine pattern and specific immune cells, such as CCR7+ migratory dendritic cells (migDCs) and effector regulatory T (Treg) cells. Furthermore, similar germinal center structures and immune microenvironments were observed in the medulla during thymic hyperplasia. This study indicates that the medulla and junction areas are related to the pathology of MG, suggesting that these areas should be the focus of future studies on MG pathogenesis and drug targeting.

  Study JGAS000672

• Aberrant EZHIP Expression Drives Tumorigenesis in Osteosarcoma

  Study EGAS00001007531

• Failure of Differentiation of the Rhombic Lip Constitutes Medulloblastoma

  We used single-cell transcriptomics to study cells from the developing human cerebellum, and show that different molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma resemble distinct glutamatergic progenitors.

  Study EGAS00001005826

• Whole genome sequencing and whole exome sequencing of DIPG tumors and matched normal tissue

  Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) is a fatal brain cancer that arises in the brainstem of children with no effective treatment. To understand what drives DIPGs we integrated whole-genome-sequencing with methylation, expression and copy-number profiling.

  Study EGAS00001000575

• Combined targeting of BRD4-associated Promoter Activation and NFKB Immunomodulation in ARID1A-mutated Gastric Adenocarcinoma

  Study EGAS00001006397

• OAC RNASeq

  Please see our related publication, 'Molecular profiling to predict immunochemotherapy outcomes in esophageal adenocarcinoma'

  Study EGAS00001006468

• OAC scRNASeq

  Please see our related publication, 'Molecular profiling to predict immunochemotherapy outcomes in esophageal adenocarcinoma'

  Study EGAS00001006469

• Follicular Lymphoma Whole Genome and Transcriptome Sequencing

  Study EGAS00001006646

• Integrated molecular analysis of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

  This study is an integrated molecular study of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma which includes whole-exome (n = 81), whole-genome (n = 48), and transcriptome sequencing data (n = 57) as well as methylation (n = 109) and SNP array data (n = 426)

  Study EGAS00001001296

• Characterization of MCSP+ melanoma DCC and MelDCC lines

  To dissect the sequence of genotypic and phenotypic progression during early metastatic colonization, we searched for the earliest detectable disseminated cancer cells (DCC) and identified MCSP+ melanoma cells as strong candidates for metastasis founder cells (MFC) in lymph nodes. We isolated MCSP+ DCC from various stages of metastatic colony-formation, performed scRNA-seq and unravelled their phenotypic progression. Further we performed bulk sequencing on patient-derived DCC models (MelDCC) and showed that they exhibit an immunosuppressive activity on CD8 T cells.

  Study EGAS00001006702

• Single cell analyses of transcriptome and epigenome in neuroblastoma infiltrated bone marrow

  We report transcriptional and genome-wide ATAC-seq analyses at single cell resolution of 16 bone marrow samples with and without neuroblastoma infiltration. Our samples span across several neuroblastoma models, including MYCN amplified, ATRX mutated, and sporadic (lacking either alteration).

  Study EGAS00001006106

• IDH mutant Glioma methylation analysis and prognostic signatures

  Study EGAS00001006961

• Single-cell and bulk RNA-sequencing of nivolumab-treated glioblastoma

  Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive type of brain tumour for which there is no curative treatment available. Immunotherapies have shown limited responses in unselected glioblastoma patients, and it is currently not well understood what separates the few responders from the non-responders at the cellular and molecular level. Here we investigate the phenotypic and transcriptional evolutionary dynamics at single-cell resolution during nivolumab immune checkpoint treatment of eight glioblastoma patients enrolled in a translational phase I/II clinical trial.

  Study EGAS00001007110

• BLUEPRINT DNA Methylation 450K data of mantle cell lymphoma

  We have applied an analytic strategy to decipher the DNA methylome of 86 mantle cell lymphomas (MCL) in light of the methylome of the entire B-cell lineage. In this way, we first identified two MCL subgroups that respectively carry epigenetic imprints of pre- and post-germinal center B cells. Secondly, we observed that pure tumor-specific changes are rare, as most (89-99%) DNA methylation alterations in MCL are within or in close proximity of those regions showing dynamic methylation in normal B cells. Several thousand of these differentially methylated regions in MCL show concurrent changes in enhancer-associated histone modifications, including a region located 650 Kb away from the MCL oncogene SOX11. At the clinical level, epigenetic and genetic changes co-evolve during MCL progression and the magnitude of epigenetic changes is associated with overall survival of the patients.

  Study EGAS00001001637

• Pharmacogenomic landscape of patient-derived cells informs precision oncology therapy

  Outcomes of anticancer therapy vary dramatically among patients, which may be caused by the specific molecular alterations in each patient’s tumor. Precision oncology aims to apply optimal therapies for each tumor based on its molecular characteristics. We have established a resource reporting the genomic and transcriptomic profiles of 462 patient tumor-derived cells (PDCs) across 14 cancer types, together with responses to 60 targeted agents. Compared with long-term cultured cancer cell lines, PDCs better recapitulate the molecular profiles of the original tumors. Among other unreported associations, we identify molecular factors inducing resistance to EGFR inhibitors in glioblastoma, and we suggest repurposing ibrutinib (currently used in hematological malignancies) for EGFR-specific therapy in gliomas. Lastly, using a retrospective clinical study, we find that PDC-derived sensitivities can be used to predict patient responses.

  Study EGAS00001002515

• Infiltrative and drug-resistant slow-cycling cells support metabolic heterogeneity in glioblastoma

  Metabolic reprogramming has been described in rapidly growing tumors, which are thought to mostly contain fast-cycling cells (FCCs) that have impaired mitochondrial function and rely on aerobic glycolysis. Here, we characterize the metabolic landscape of glioblastoma (GBM) and explore metabolic specificities as targetable vulnerabilities. Our studies highlight the metabolic heterogeneity in GBM, in which FCCs harness aerobic glycolysis, and slow-cycling cells (SCCs) preferentially utilize mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation for their functions. SCCs display enhanced invasion and chemoresistance, suggesting their important role in tumor recurrence. SCCs also demonstrate increased lipid contents that are specifically metabolized under glucose-deprived conditions. Increased fatty acid transport in SCCs is targetable by pharmacological inhibition or genomic deletion of FABP7, both of which sensitize SCCs to metabolic stress. Furthermore, FABP7 inhibition, whether alone or in combination with glycolysis inhibition, leads to overall increased survival. Our studies reveal the existence of GBM cell subpopulations with distinct metabolic requirements and suggest that FABP7 is central to lipid metabolism in SCCs and that targeting FABP7-related metabolic pathways is a viable therapeutic strategy.

  Study EGAS00001003251

• Combined gene expression and digital pathology identifies molecular mediators of T cell exclusion and immune suppression in ovarian cancer

  Close proximity between cytotoxic T lymphocytes and tumour cells is required for effective immunotherapy. However, what determines the spatial distribution of T cells in the tumour microenvironment is not well understood. Coupling digital pathology and transcriptome analysis on a large ovarian tumour cohort, we develop a machine learning approach to molecularly classify and characterize tumour-immune phenotypes. Our study identifies two important hallmarks characterizing T cell excluded tumours: 1) loss of antigen presentation on tumour cells and 2) upregulation of TGFb and activated stroma. Furthermore, we identify TGFb as a key mediator of T cell exclusion. TGFb reduces MHC-I expression in ovarian cancer cells in vitro; TGFb also activates fibroblasts and induced extracellular matrix (ECM) production as a potential physical barrier to hinder T cell infiltration. Our findings indicate that targeting TGFb may represent a promising strategy to overcome T cell exclusion and improve clinical benefits of cancer immunotherapy.

  Study EGAS00001003487

• Cancer and germline exomes consisting of FASTQ paired-end reads from melanoma and lung cancer samples

  Efforts to precisely identify tumor human leukocyte antigen presented peptides (HLAp) capable of mediating T cell based tumor rejection still face important challenges. Recent reports suggest that non-canonical cancer HLAp could be immunogenic but their identification requires highly sensitive and accurate mass-spectrometry (MS)-based proteogenomics approaches. Here, we present a MS-based analytical pipeline that can precisely characterize the non-canonical HLAp repertoire, incorporating whole exome sequencing, bulk and single cell transcriptomics, ribosome profiling, and a combination of two MS/MS search tools. This approach results in the accurate identification of hundreds of shared and tumor-specific non-canonical HLAp. Albeit often at low levels and in distinct subpopulations of cells, numerous non-canonical HLAp are shared across tumors. This analytical platform holds great promise for the discovery of novel cancer antigens for cancer immunotherapy.

  Study EGAS00001003723

• RNA sequencing of CD8 T cells from melanoma patients prior to and during checkpoint immunotherapy and untreated healthy controls

  We are interested in inter-individual variation in transcriptional response to immune checkpoint blockade. We have analysed poly A purified RNA expression from CD8 T cells (297 transcriptomes in total) isolated from metastatic melanoma patients (n=106) prior to and during treatment with either single agent (Pembrolizumab) or combination (Ipilimumab/ Nivolumab) immune checkpoint blockade. We compare expression at different stages of treatment and additionally contrast this with that from healthy controls (n=68).

  Study EGAS00001004081

• Uterine leiomyoma: DNA methylation, chromatin activity and gene expression

  In this study, we observed the effects of different uterine leiomyoma driver mutations to tumor DNA methylation, chromatin activity and gene expression, to form a comprehensive view on the epigenetic consequences of the mutations.

  Study EGAS00001004499

• Changes in alternative splicing and associated neo-antigens due to therapy

  Recent studies have identified alternative splicing (AS) as a novel source of neoantigens for immunotherapy. Surprisingly little is known about the AS milieu in recurrent glioblastoma (GBM), despite this being the venue for most clinical trials. We profiled 29 primary-recurrent paired human GBM specimens via RNA sequencing and re-analyzed RNA-sequencing data from non-malignant human brain tissues. From these data, we reconstructed the landscape of AS in GBM through recurrence and contrasted that to isoforms observed in non-malignant brain. The AS events we identified were cross-referenced with single-cell GBM atlases to determine cell-type specific splicing patterns. From this we identified novel splicing events in cell-surface proteins that are suitable targets for engineered T-cell therapies. We found recurrent-specific isoforms of mitogen-activated kinase pathway genes which are expressed exclusively by GBM stem-like cells that enhance invasiveness. These studies shed light on the effect of therapy on AS and identify novel targets for emerging immunotherapies.

  Study EGAS00001004524

• Accurate detection and classification of pediatric sarcomas based on cell-free DNA fragmentation patterns

  Sequencing of cell-free DNA in the blood of cancer patients (“liquid biopsy”) provides attractive opportunities not only for early diagnosis, but also for minimally invasive monitoring of treatment response and disease courses. To unlock liquid biopsy analysis for pediatric tumors with few genetic aberrations, we developed an integrated genetic/epigenetic analysis method and applied it to 241 deep whole-genome sequencing profiles of 95 patients with Ewing sarcoma and 31 patients with other pediatric sarcomas. We achieved sensitive detection and classification of circulating tumor DNA in peripheral blood independent of any genetic alterations. We evaluated different metrics for cell-free DNA fragmentation analysis and developed LIQUORICE, a bioinformatic tool for detecting circulating tumor DNA based on tumor-specific chromatin structure. Using machine learning methods, we combined several fragmentation-based metrics into an integrated approach for liquid biopsy analysis tailored to cancers with low mutation rates but widespread epigenetic deregulation. Clinical associations highlighted the potential value of cfDNA fragmentation patterns as prognostic biomarkers in Ewing sarcoma. Additionally, we performed low coverage whole-genome-sequencing on 43 tumor biopsy samples from patients with Ewing sarcoma, in order to compare copy number aberrations detected in cell-free DNA and biopsy samples of the same patients. For validation of the epigenetic signatures inferred from cell-free DNA, we further performed reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) on 38 matched biopsy samples from patients with Ewing sarcoma. In summary, our study provides a comprehensive analysis of circulating tumor DNA beyond recurrent somatic mutations, and it renders the benefits of liquid biopsy more readily accessible for childhood cancers.

  Study EGAS00001005127

• OpACIN-neo – A Multicenter Phase 2 Study to identify the Optimal neo-Adjuvant Combination scheme of Ipilimumab and Nivolumab – Whole exome sequencing

  The outcome of patients with macroscopic stage III melanoma is poor. Neoadjuvant treatment with ipilimumab plus nivolumab at the standard dosing schedule induced pathological responses in a high proportion of patients in two small independent early-phase trials. However, toxicity of the standard ipilimumab plus nivolumab dosing schedule was high, preventing its broader clinical use. The aim of the OpACIN-neo study (NCT02977052) to identify a dosing schedule of ipilimumab plus nivolumab that is less toxic but equally effective. 86 patients with macroscopic stage III melanoma were randomised to one of three dosing schedules: arm A, two cycles of ipilimumab 3 mg/kg plus nivolumab 1 mg/kg once every 3 weeks; arm B, two cycles of ipilimumab 1 mg/kg plus nivolumab 3 mg/kg once every 3 weeks; or arm C, two cycles of ipilimumab 3 mg/kg once every 3 weeks directly followed by two cycles of nivolumab 3mg/kg once every 2 weeks. Within the first 12 weeks, grade 3–4 immune-related adverse events were observed in 12 (40%) of 30 patients in group A, six (20%) of 30 in group B, and 13 (50%) of 26 in group C. Pathological responses occurred in 24 (80%) patients in group A, 23 (77%) in group B, and 17 (65%) in group C. The 2-year estimated relapse-free survival was 84% for all patients, 97% for patients achieving a pathologic response and 36% for nonresponders (p<0.001). High tumor mutational burden (TMB) and high interferon-gamma-related gene expression signature score (IFN-γ score) were associated with pathologic response and low risk of relapse; pathologic response rate (pRR) was 100% in patients with high IFN-γ score/high TMB, patients with high IFN-γ score/low TMB or low IFN-γ score/high TMB had pRRs of 91% and 88%; while patients with low IFN-γ score/low TMB had a pRR of only 39%. These data demonstrate long-term benefit in patients with a pathologic response and show the predictive potential of TMB and IFN-γ score.

  Study EGAS00001004832

• Transcriptome sequencing of hepatocellular carcinoma biopsies (proteogenomic study)

  We performed a proteogenomic analysis of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) across clinical stages and etiologies to define the deregulated pathways and heterogeneity among HCCs. We identified pathways that are differentially regulated on the genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and phosphoproteomic levels. Integrative clustering identified HCC subgroups that show distinct regulation of biological processes, metabolic reprogramming and kinase activation.

  Study EGAS00001005074

• Single-cell analysis of retinoblastoma heterogeneity

  Study EGAS00001005178

• Dissecting the Spatial Heterogeneity of Single Circulating Tumor Cells in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

  The dismal outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is closely associated with intra- and extrahepatic metastases, which have been proposed to be initiated by circulating tumor cells (CTCs). However, the plasticity of gene expression and immune evasion mechanisms of CTCs during systemic circulation are not well defined. Here, we determined intra- and inter-vascular transcriptional heterogeneity within the circulatory system using single-cell RNA-sequencing of 113 CTCs isolated from four key vascular sites along their dissemination route in ten HCC patients.

  Study EGAS00001005204

• Molecular characterization of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

  Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are increasing globally, but their molecular traits are not well characterized. Our molecular characterization revealed higher rates of ACVR2A mutations (10%) – a potential tumour suppressor, presence of a novel mutational signature (MutSig-NASH-HCC), a more relevant role of Wnt/TGF-β proliferation subclass in tumours (42%) and immunosuppressive traits in the adjacent non-tumoral tissue.

  Study EGAS00001005222

• LOGGIC Core BioClinical Data Bank: Added clinical value of RNA-Seq in an international molecular diagnostic registry for pediatric low-grade glioma patients

  Study EGAS00001007072

• Spatio-temporal evolution of the primary glioblastoma genome

  Tumor recurrence following treatment is the major cause of mortality for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients. Thus, insights on the evolutionary process at recurrence are critical for improved patient care. Here, we describe our genomic analyses of 38 GBM patients with the initial and recurrent tumor specimens for each individual. A substantial divergence in the landscape of driver alterations was associated with distant appearance of a recurrent tumor from the initial tumor, suggesting that the genomic profile of the initial tumor can mislead targeted therapies for the distally recurred tumor. In addition, in contrast to IDH1-mutated gliomas, IDH1-wild-type primary GBMs rarely developed hypermutation following temozolomide (TMZ) treatment, indicating low risk of TMZ-induced hypermutation for these patients under the standard regimen.

  Study EGAS00001001041

• Genomic characterization of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma.

  Genomic characterization of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma using RNA-seq, Exome and Illumina 2.5 M array.

  Study EGAS00001001563

• Spatio-temporal evolution of the primary glioblastoma genome (newly added after 2015)

  Since our genomic analysis of 38 GBM patients, we recruited more cases to further study spatial and temporal evolution of glioblastoma with international collaboration of multiple institutes. The cases in this study includes the whole exome and transcriptome of GBM patients newly recruited in Samsung Medical Center.

  Study EGAS00001001800

• Comprehensive molecular profiling identifies novel genetic drivers and subtypes underlying medulloblastoma

  Current therapies for medulloblastoma (MB), a highly malignant childhood brain tumor, impose debilitating effects on the developing child, warranting the development of molecularly targeted treatments with reduced toxicities. Prior studies have failed to disclose the full spectrum of driver genes and molecular processes operative in MB or adequately explain heterogeneity among molecular subgroups. Herein, we detail the somatic landscape across 491 sequenced MBs and molecular heterogeneity amongst 1,256 epigenetically analyzed cases, identifying subgroup-specific mutational signatures, driver genes, and pathway alterations including previously unappreciated actionable therapeutic targets. Integrative approaches for assigning driver genes to subgroups explained >65-70% of Group 3 and Group 4, doubling previous knowledge. Novel subtypes underlying Group 3 and Group 4 were differentially enriched for specific driver events, including hotspot in-frame indels targeting KBTBD4 and ‘enhancer hijacking’ driving activation of PRDM6. Thus, application of integrative genomics to an unprecedented cohort of clinical samples derived from a single childhood cancer entity has disclosed a series of new cancer genes and biologically relevant subtype diversity that represent attractive therapeutic targets for treating MB.

  Study EGAS00001001953

• ICGC PedBrain: Deep-sequencing of childhood brain tumors.

  Brain tumors constitute the childhood tumors with the highest mortality rates and survival is often associated with severe long-term sequelae due to intensive multimodal treatment regimens. Thus, the PedBrainTumor network aims at the identification of robust biomarkers for clinical management and novel molecular targets for therapeutic interventions. Using massively parallel whole-genome sequencing, and transcriptome and methylome sequencing for subsets of cases, we aim to decipher the molecular causes of medulloblastoma as well as low-grade astrocytoma, and to identify markers to stratify patients for specialized treatment. As the PedBrain network is affiliated with clinical trials in medulloblastoma and pilocytic astrocytoma, validation cohorts for the translation of key findings into clinical settings are readily available.

  Study EGAS00001000215

• ICGC Oesophageal adenocarcinoma - pilot samples

  The oesophageal project will focus on adenocarcinoma which is increasing in incidence in the UK and other developed countries and has a very poor outcome. The primary aims of this project are to deeply sequence tumour and normal genomic DNA (including the precursor condition Barrett's oesophagus when material is available) to provide a comprehensive catalogue of somatic mutations. This will be achieved through a UK-wide network of hospitals involved in a research collaboration called the OCCAMS consortium. The goal of this project is to use high quality clinical material with accurately annotated clinic-pathological, treatment and outcome data.

  Study EGAS00001000559

• Capture Hi-C on MM

  In situ promoter capture Hi-C on multiple myeloma cell line KMS11 in experimental triplicates. Hi-C libraries were prepared as previously described (Rao et al., 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.021). Promoter capture was based on 32,313 biotinylated 120-mer RNA baits (Agilent). Hi-C libraries were sequenced using Illumina HiSeq 2000 technology. The files are in FASTQ format.

  Study EGAS00001002614

• The genomic landscape of lung adenocarcinoma in East Asians

  We performed exome sequencing of 210 and transcriptome sequencing of 181 LUADs of Chinese patients. For more details, please see publication "Genomic landscape of lung adenocarcinoma in East Asians" by Chen J. et. al. in Nature Genetics 2020. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-019-0569-6.

  Study EGAS00001002941

• Control samples, breast cancer clinical samples and matched patient-derived tumour xenografts (PDTXs) to develop and test a computational approach to discriminate human and mouse sequences in PDTXs

  Patient-Derived Tumour Xenografts (PDTXs) have emerged as the pre-clinical models that best represent clinical tumour diversity and intra-tumour heterogeneity. The molecular characterization of PDTXs using High-Throughput Sequencing (HTS) is essential; however, the presence of mouse stroma is challenging for HTS data analysis. Indeed, the high homology between the two genomes results in a proportion of mouse reads being mapped as human. In this study we generated Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data from samples with known mixtures of mouse and human DNA or RNA.

  Study EGAS00001002445

• SCAT_osteosarcoma_sequencing

  Agilent whole exome hybridisation capture will be performed on genomic DNA derived from 50 osteosarcoma cancers and matched normal DNA from the same patients. Three lanes of Illumina GA sequencing will be performed on the resulting 100 exome libraries and mapped to build 37 of the human reference genome to facilitate the identification of novel cancer genes

  Study EGAS00001000196

• Analysis of IDHwt-glioblastoma samples from paired primary and recurrent tumor samples

  IDHwt-glioblastomas rapidly recur after initial treatment. To study genetic evolution in glioblastoma, we analyzed whole genomes of 21 pairs of primary and recurrent tumor samples using next generation sequencing. In addition we sequenced RNA from 16 tumor pairs and a panel of 50 glioma-associated genes in tumor pairs from 43 patients (including 14 of the 21 patients included in the WGS discovery set). Glioblastoma subtypes were determined using 450k/EPIC methylation arrays. This study was supported within the e:med program of the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) by the collaborative research project ‘SYS-GLIO - Systems-based prediction of the biological and clinical behavior of gliomas’ (https://www.sys-med.de/de/demonstratoren/sys-glio/) This study is part of the Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology - HIPO-043

  Study EGAS00001003184

• Exome-sequencing identifies new oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes recurrently altered in hepatocellular carcinoma

  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy. High-resolution copy number analysis of 125 tumors of which 24 were subjected to whole-exome sequencing identified 135 homozygous deletions and 994 somatic gene mutations with predicted functional consequences. We identified new recurrent alterations in 4 genes (ARID1A, RPS6KA3, NFE2L2 and IRF2) not previously described in HCC. Functional analyses demonstrated tumor suppressor properties for IRF2 whose inactivation, exclusively found in hepatitis B virus related tumors, leads to impaired TP53 function. Alternatively, inactivation of proteins involved in chromatin remodeling was frequent and predominant in alcohol related tumors. Moreover, activation of the oxidative stress metabolism and inactivation of RPS6KA3 were new pathways associated with WNT/beta-catenin activation, thereby suggesting a cooperative effect in tumorigenesis. This study shows the dramatic somatic genetic diversity in HCC, it reveals interactions between oncogene and tumor suppressor gene mutations markedly related to specific risk factors.

  Study EGAS00001000217

• Whole-genome sequencing analysis of low-grade astrocytomas within the ICGC PedBrain Tumor Project

  In order to investigate the full range of genetic alterations contributing to the tumourigenesis of low-grade astrocytoma, we have conducted a next-generation sequencing-based analysis on a large series of matched tumor-normal pairs. This study, conducted by the International Cancer Genome Consortium PedBrain Tumor Project (ICGC PedBrain, http://www.pedbraintumor.org/), has revealed multiple new insights into the biological basis of this tumor entity.

  Study EGAS00001000381

• MutWP1__CRUK_Grand_Challenge_Mutographs_of_Cancer__Colorectal

  he Mutographs project aims to advance our understanding of the causes of cancer through studies of mutational signatures. Led by Mike Stratton, together with Paul Brennan, Ludmil Alexandrov, Allan Balmain, David Phillips and Peter Campbell, this large-scale international research endeavour was awarded a Cancer Research UK Grand Challenge. Different patterns of somatic mutation are generated by the different environmental, lifestyle and genetic factors that cause cancer, many of them are still unknown. Within Mutographs, the International Agency for Research on Cancer is coordinating the recruitment of 5000 individuals with cancer (colorectal, renal, pancreatic, oesophageal adenocarcinoma or oesophageal squamous cancers) across 5 continents to explore whether different mutational signatures explain marked variation in incidence. In brief, through an international network of collaborators around the world, biological materials are collected, along with demographic, histological, clinical and questionnaire data. Whole genome sequences of tumour-germline DNA pairs are generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Somatic mutational signatures are subsequently extracted by non-negative matrix factorisation methods and correlated with risk factors data. Through an enhanced understanding of cancer aetiology, Mutographs unprecedented effort is anticipated to outline modifiable risk factors, lead to new approaches to prevent cancer, and provide opportunities to empower early detection, refine high-risk groups and contribute to further therapeutic development.

  Study EGAS00001003774

• HumanMethylation450K data from Purified Plasma Cells of Monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance and Multiple myeloma patients and Healthy donors

  HumanMethylation450K data from Purified Plasma Cells of Monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance and Multiple myeloma patients and Healthy donors

  Study EGAS00001000841

• Ewing and Ewing-like-sarcoma tumoroid biobank reveals distinct drug sensitivities: translocation makes the difference

  Study EGAS00001007941

• Identification_of_drug_resistance_genes_in_melanoma_by_mRNA_gene_expression

  We aim to sequence the mRNA transcriptome of 22 human melanoma cell lines in biological triplicate in order to define the gene expression profile of each cell line. The data will be correlated to the mutation status and the sensitivity to a panel of drugs in order to identify genes whose deregulation is associated to drug resistanceThis data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001000815

• Single-cell RNA sequencing of 22 Hodgkin lymphoma tumors and 5 reactive lymph nodes

  Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is characterized by an extensively dominant tumor microenvironment (TME) composed of different types of non-cancerous immune cells with rare malignant cells. Characterization of the cellular components and their spatial relationship is crucial to understanding crosstalk and therapeutic targeting in the TME. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing of more than 127,000 cells from 22 HL tissue specimens and 5 reactive lymph nodes, profiling for the first time the phenotype of the HL-specific immune microenvironment at single-cell resolution. Library preparation was performed using the 10x Genomics Chromium system, and Illumina sequencing was used to generate 3' gene expression data for every cell. Downstream analysis was performed in R to identify HL-specific microenvironment patterns and identify novel cell populations.

  Study EGAS00001004085

• PRADO trial - Personalized response-directed surgery and adjuvant therapy after neoadjuvant ipilimumab plus nivolumab in stage III melanoma

  The PRADO trial tested a personalized response-directed treatment approach based on the pathologic response after neoadjuvant ipilimumab plus nivolumab in stage III melanoma patients. In patients achieving a major pathologic response, in their index lymph node (the largest lymph node metastasis at baseline), therapeutic lymph node dissection (TLND) and adjuvant therapy were omitted. Patients with partial response underwent TLND only, whereas patients with pathologic non-response underwent TLND and adjuvant systemic therapy ± synchronous radiotherapy. Biomarker analyses based on baseline RNA sequencing data were performed in order to find features that are associated with major pathologic response.

  Study EGAS00001007601

• Human melanoma samples with and without resistance to BRAF inhibitor therapy

  Human melanoma samples were collected pre, on, and progression on BRAF inhibitor therapy. RNA was extracted and run on RNA-seq. This has provided insights into different categories of BRAF inhibitor resistance mechanisms.

  Study EGAS00001000992

• Single-cell multi-omics of relapse/refractory multiple myeloma patients (Hipo K08K/H067/K43R)

  Therapy resistance in cancers is ingrained in complex clonal dynamics. While the major clonal population in a tumour might respond well to the employed intervention, minor clones will eventually mutate, consequently acquiring a selective advantage and drug resistance. Hence, to improve cancer therapy, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms behind clonal evolution. Here, we applied single-cell transcriptomics and epigenomics, as well as whole-genome sequencing to 15 patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). By profiling longitudinal samples throughout varying treatment regimens, we were able to interrogate patterns of evolution across patients. In particular, by defining clones based on copy number aberrations (CNAs), we found evidence for the majority of clones being diminished but not fully eradicated during treatment.

  Study EGAS00001006538

• Genomic and transcriptomic landscape of T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma compared to T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: similar subtypes and different fusions

  Due to the lower incidence of T-LBL and difficulties in obtaining diagnostic T-LBL material, extensive research on T-LBL has been hampered whereas genetic aberrations in T-ALL are thoroughly characterized. Given the similarities and differences between T-LBL and T-ALL, the question has been raised whether T-LBL and T-ALL represent two different diseases or different manifestations of the same disease. This study aims to identify the genomic and transcriptomic landscape of T-LBL and compare the findings to what is found T-ALL. Comparison of the molecular aberrations between T-LBL and T-ALL can provide insights into the overlap and differences in malignant development between the two entities, which could lead to improved risk stratification in T-LBL in order to eventually adapt T-LBL treatment protocols based on molecular-genetic prognostic factors.

  Study EGAS00001007767

• Neuroblastoma tumor heterogeneity and cell plasticity (from PDX and cell lines)

  Two cell identities, noradrenergic and mesenchymal, have been characterized in neuroblastoma cell lines according to their epigenetic landscapes relying on specific core regulatory circuitries of transcription factors. Yet, their relationship and relative contribution in patient tumors remain to be defined. Here, we document a spontaneous plasticity between the noradrenergic and mesenchymal identities in a subset of cell lines. Strikingly, mesenchymal neuroblastoma cells revert to a noradrenergic phenotype in vivo. Consistently, tumor cells with a mesenchymal identity are detected in single-cell transcriptomic analyses of neuroblastoma tumors and PDX models. Our data also highlight neuroblastoma intra-tumor heterogeneity with the co-existence of distinct tumor populations, including sympathoblast-like and chromaffin-like cells suggesting that neuroblastoma cells arise from a common sympatho-adrenal progenitor.

  Study EGAS00001004781

• NOTCH1 fusion genes in pediatric T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma hallmark a common high-risk subgroup with blood TARC levels as possible biomarker

  T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) is a common pediatric malignancy accounting for approximately 20% of the non-Hodgkin lymphomas during childhood. Survival rates of T-LBL are ~80%, but outcome after relapse is dismal, with salvage rates reaching only ~15. Considering the extremely poor prognosis after relapse and absence of clinically relevant high-risk genetics, there is an urgent need for the identification of molecular risk factors and new prognostic biomarkers in T-LBL, as well as identification of new therapeutic strategies. In this study we present a novel entity of high-risk pediatric T-LBL patients characterized by previously unknown NOTCH1 gene fusions and highly elevated blood TARC levels

  Study EGAS00001007703

• Orphan_Tumour_Study___familial_neuroblastoma

  The aim of this study is to study the genomes of ultra rare childhood tumours

  Study EGAS00001002171

• The genomic landscape of follicular and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

  As part of the ICGC, the ICGC MMML-Seq project performed whole genome sequencing and RNA sequencing of follicular and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Follicular and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas are the most common B-cell lymphomas in adulthood. Analyses were performed in concordance with the guidelines of the ICGC. The results define the genomic landscape of structural variants, somatic single nucleotide variants and mutational signatures in these lymphomas

  Study EGAS00001002199

• Single cell RNA sequencing of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma

  Study EGAS00001004805

• Volasertib preclinical activity in high-risk hepatoblastoma

  Relapsed and metastatic hepatoblastoma represents an unmet clinical need with limited chemotherapy treatment options. In a chemical screen, we identified volasertib as an agent with in vitro activity, inhibiting hepatoblastoma cell growth while sparing normal hepatocytes. Volasertib targets PLK1 and prevents the progression of mitosis, resulting in eventual cell death. PLK1 is overexpressed in hepatoblastoma biopsies relative to normal liver tissue. As a potential therapeutic strategy, we tested the combination of volasertib and the relapse-related hepatoblastoma chemotherapeutic irinotecan. We found both in vitro and in vivo efficacy of this combination, which may merit further preclinical investigation and exploration for a clinical trial concept.

  Study EGAS00001004827

• Gene expression-based prediction of pazopanib efficacy in sarcoma (HIPO, H021)

  The multi-receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor pazopanib is approved for the treatment of advanced non-adipocytic soft-tissue sarcoma and has also shown activity in other sarcoma subtypes. However, its clinical efficacy is highly variable, and no reliable predictors exist to date to select patients who are most likely to benefit from this drug. We analyzed the molecular profiles and clinical outcomes of pazopanib-treated sarcoma patients enrolled in a prospective observational study by the German Cancer Consortium, DKTK MASTER, that employs whole-genome/exome sequencing (WGS/WES) and transcriptome sequencing to inform the care of adults with advanced cancer across histologies who are younger than 51 and patients with rare tumors, including rare subtypes of more common entities, regardless of age.​ Among a total of 109 patients with available WGS/WES data, there was no correlation between clinical parameters, specific genetic alterations, or mutational signatures and clinical outcome. In contrast, analysis of a subcohort of 62 patients who underwent molecular analysis before pazopanib treatment and had transcriptome sequencing data available showed that mRNA levels of NTRK3 (hazard ratio [HR]=0.53, p=0.021), IGF1R (HR=1.82, p=0.027), and KDR (HR=0.50, p=0.011) were independently associated with progression-free survival (PFS). Based on the expression of these RTK genes, i.e., the features NTRK3-high, IGF1R-low, and KDR-high, we developed a pazopanib efficacy predictor (PEP) that stratified patients into three groups with significantly different PFS (p<0.0001). Application of the PEP to an independent cohort of pazopanib-treated sarcoma patients from DKTK MASTER (n=43) confirmed its potential to separate patient groups with significantly different PFS (p=0.02), whereas no such association was observed in sarcoma patients from DKTK MASTER (n=77) or The Cancer Genome Atlas sarcoma cohort (n=256) who were not treated with pazopanib. A score based on the combined expression of NTRK3, IGF1R, and KDR allows identification of sarcoma patients with good, intermediate, and poor outcome following pazopanib therapy and warrants investigation as a predictive tool in prospective studies to optimize the use of this drug in the clinic.

  Study EGAS00001005836

• Genomics-based characterization and personalized treatment in pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma

  Study EGAS00001007294

• Comprehensive Genomic Characterization of Refractory Multiple Myeloma Reveals a Complex Mutational and Structural Landscape Associated with Drug Resistance (H067)

  Outcome of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) refractory to immunomodulatory agents (IMiDs) and proteasome inhibitors (PIs) is still very poor. To elucidate the genetic landscape of relapsed/refractory MM (RRMM) we performed whole genome and transcriptome sequencing of 39 heavily pretreated RRMM patients with at least double refractoriness revealing complex structural changes and a high mutational load (H067/K08K). We found a median of 67 structural variants and 116 nonsynonymous exonic mutations per patient. Assessment of oncogenic drivers showed NRAS, BRAF, TP53, KRAS, SLC4A7, FAM46C, DIS3, RB1, KMT2C, MLLT4, EWSR1, HCFC2, and COPS3 as significantly mutated. We found multiple genomic regions with bi-allelic events affecting known tumor suppressor genes, most frequently TP53, RB1, and TRAF3. Supervised analysis of mutational signatures showed a major contribution of Cosmic signature 6 associated with deficiency in DNA mismatch repair and the ‘BRCAness’ signature which coincided with mutations in genes known to confer PARP inhibitor sensitivity. Recurrently mutated gene networks included genes with relevance for PI and IMiD activity, the latter including in particular members of the Cereblon and the COP9 signalosome complex. In conclusion, this comprehensive genomic characterization revealed a complex mutational and structural landscape in RRMM and highlights potential implications for therapeutic strategies.

  Study EGAS00001004363

• Total proteome and phosphoproteome profiling of Diffuse Midline Glioma

  Study EGAS00001007341

• Methylproteome profiling of Diffuse Midline Glioma

  Study EGAS00001007342

• Whole genome sequencing of patients with or at risk for HCC

  Liver cancer is a major cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Screening individuals at high risk, including those with cirrhosis and viral hepatitis, provides an avenue for improved survival, but current screening methods are inadequate. In this study, we used whole-genome cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fragmentome analyses to evaluate 724 individuals from the United States, the European Union, or Hong Kong with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or who were at average or high-risk for HCC. Using a machine learning model that incorporated multifeature fragmentome data, the sensitivity for detecting cancer was 88% in an average-risk population at 98% specificity and 85% among high-risk individuals at 80% specificity. We validated these results in an independent population. cfDNA fragmentation changes reflected genomic and chromatin changes in liver cancer, including from transcription factor binding sites. These findings provide a biological basis for changes in cfDNA fragmentation in patients with liver cancer and provide an accessible approach for noninvasive cancer detection.

  Study EGAS00001007249

• 'IL-17A-Producing ILC3s and Duodenal Adenoma in FAP'

  Study EGAS00001007347

• OpACIN-neo – A Multicenter Phase 2 Study to identify the Optimal neo-Adjuvant Combination scheme of Ipilimumab and Nivolumab – RNA sequencing

  The outcome of patients with macroscopic stage III melanoma is poor. Neoadjuvant treatment with ipilimumab plus nivolumab at the standard dosing schedule induced pathological responses in a high proportion of patients in two small independent early-phase trials. However, toxicity of the standard ipilimumab plus nivolumab dosing schedule was high, preventing its broader clinical use. The aim of the OpACIN-neo study (NCT02977052) to identify a dosing schedule of ipilimumab plus nivolumab that is less toxic but equally effective. 86 patients with macroscopic stage III melanoma were randomised to one of three dosing schedules: arm A, two cycles of ipilimumab 3 mg/kg plus nivolumab 1 mg/kg once every 3 weeks; arm B, two cycles of ipilimumab 1 mg/kg plus nivolumab 3 mg/kg once every 3 weeks; or arm C, two cycles of ipilimumab 3 mg/kg once every 3 weeks directly followed by two cycles of nivolumab 3mg/kg once every 2 weeks. Within the first 12 weeks, grade 3–4 immune-related adverse events were observed in 12 (40%) of 30 patients in group A, six (20%) of 30 in group B, and 13 (50%) of 26 in group C. Pathological responses occurred in 24 (80%) patients in group A, 23 (77%) in group B, and 17 (65%) in group C. The 2-year estimated relapse-free survival was 84% for all patients, 97% for patients achieving a pathologic response and 36% for nonresponders (p<0.001). High tumor mutational burden (TMB) and high interferon-gamma-related gene expression signature score (IFN-γ score) were associated with pathologic response and low risk of relapse; pathologic response rate (pRR) was 100% in patients with high IFN-γ score/high TMB, patients with high IFN-γ score/low TMB or low IFN-γ score/high TMB had pRRs of 91% and 88%; while patients with low IFN-γ score/low TMB had a pRR of only 39%. These data demonstrate long-term benefit in patients with a pathologic response and show the predictive potential of TMB and IFN-γ score.

  Study EGAS00001004833

• Single-cell multi-omic profiling of glioblastoma-associated myeloid cells

  Study EGAS00001004871

• Therapeutic Targeting of Ependymoma as Informed by Oncogenic Enhancer Profiling

  Genomic sequencing has driven precision-based oncology therapy; however, genetic drivers remain unknown or non-targetable for many malignancies, demanding alternative approaches to identify therapeutic leads. Ependymomas are chemotherapy-resistant brain tumours, which, despite genomic sequencing, lack effective molecular targets. Here, we mapped active chromatin landscapes in 42 primary ependymomas in two non-overlapping primary ependymoma cohorts. Enhancer regions revealed novel oncogenes, molecular targets, and pathways, which when subjected to small molecule inhibitor or shRNA treatment, increased survival and slowed proliferation in mouse and neurosphere patient-derived models of ependymomas. This study represents one of the largest enhancer mapping study of any cancer type to date, and provides a framework for target and drug discovery for other cancers recalcitrant to therapeutic development because of their lack of known genetic drivers.

  Study EGAS00001002696

• Genomic characterization of hepatocellular carcinoma in Hispanic patients

  The genomic DNA was extracted from paired tumor and adjacent non-tumor samples of 27 Hispanic HCC patients. The TruSeq Rapid Exome Library Prep kit (Illumina, CA) was used to capture the coding regions of the human genome. The 100 bp paired-end sequencing of every 6-plex whole exome library pool was performed on an Illumina HiSeq 3000 system according to the manufacturer’s recommended protocol to achieve an average coverage of ~100X. The paired-end reads were aligned to the human reference genome (hg19) with decoy sequences (as used in the 1000 Genomes Project) using BWA software. The duplicate reads were marked and removed using Picard and SAMtools, respectively. Local realignment around insertions/deletions (indels) and base quality recalibration were performed using GATK.

  Study EGAS00001007431

• ENCORAFENIB COMBINED WITH BINIMETINIB FOR BRAFV600E-MUTATED RELAPSED/REFRACTORY MULTIPLE MYELOMA: THE PHASE II GMMG-BIRMA TRIAL (Hipo_K08K)

  Activating BRAF mutations are rare events in multiple myeloma but have been shown to be promising therapeutic targets in small case studies. This multicenter phase II trial assessed the efficacy and safety of the BRAF/MEK inhibitors, encorafenib and binimetinib, in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) carrying an activating BRAFV600E mutation. Twelve RRMM patients with a median of five prior lines of therapy were enrolled. The study met its primary endpoint with 10 patients achieving at least a partial response according to IMWG criteria (overall response rate 83.3%). Responses occurred rapidly within the first cycle and deepened over time. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 5.6 months and overall survival was 55% at 24 months. Genomic profiling revealed RAS mutations and structural variants involving the BRAF locus to be drivers of resistance to BRAF/MEK inhibition in RRMM. This trial demonstrates the value of translationally driven clinical trials in selected patient populations.

  Study EGAS00001005973

• Myeloid cell programming in patients with non-medullary thyroid carcinoma

  Study EGAS00001005594

• Single-cell RNA sequencing of 6 follicular lymphoma tumors

  Follicular lymphoma (FL) is an indolent cancer of mature B-cells but carries increased risk of transformation to a more aggressive histology over time. We present here comprehensive profiling both tumor and immune compartments in 6 diagnostic FL biopsies by single-cell RNA sequencing. This confirmed results from 155 FL tumors characterized by mass cytometry (CyTOF) which revealed two distinct evolutionary trajectories with disparate risk of transformation and alternate biologies.

  Study EGAS00001005257

• Comprehensive Characterization of Early Relapse and End-Stage Relapsed Refractory Multiple Myeloma (HIPO K08K/H067/H021+nonHIPO)

  Study EGAS00001007469

• ExomeSeq Neoantigen Immunogenicity Landscapes

  Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy is a cornerstone of oncologic treatment for patients with advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and other malignancies. Neoantigen immunoediting drives ICB efficacy, yet the fundamental physiochemical characteristics of neoantigens and how neoantigen immunogenicity shapes treatment response remains poorly understood. To help address these questions, a prospective clinical trial of NSCLC patients treated with nivolumab was conducted. We assessed genomic alterations in tumors from 58 patients and performed large-scale neoepitope immunogenicity analyses, before and during treatment (CheckMate153, CA209-153). Tumors were analyzed by whole-exome and transcriptome sequencing. In responding patients, loss of mutation and neoantigen burden early during therapy associated with clinical benefit. We evaluated the immunogenicity of 1,453 candidate neoantigens and identified 502 neopeptides that bound to MHC I and 196 neopeptides that were immunogenically recognized by T cells in the setting of nivolumab treatment. These T cell reactive neoantigens were differentially present in clonal populations that underwent distinctive evolutionary trajectories across responders and nonresponders. Mapping these neoantigens to tumor clonal dynamics and clinical response revealed strong selection against immunogenic neoantigen harboring clones compared to non-immunogenic clones. Using this large collection of neoantigens, we identified position specific amino acid features related to immunogenicity, which we used to develop and validate an immunogenicity score. Changes in the genomic and neoantigen immunogenicity landscapes were accompanied by temporal changes in the tumor microenvironment. Nivolumab-induced microenvironmental evolution in NSCLC shared some similarities with that in melanoma, yet critical differences in immunologic programs were apparent from comparative network analysis between tumor types. This study provides unprecedented molecular portraits of the neoantigen landscapes underlying nivolumab’s mechanism of action.

  Study EGAS00001007508

• RNASeq Neoantigen Immunogenicity Landscape

  Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy is a cornerstone of oncologic treatment for patients with advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and other malignancies. Neoantigen immunoediting drives ICB efficacy, yet the fundamental physiochemical characteristics of neoantigens and how neoantigen immunogenicity shapes treatment response remains poorly understood. To help address these questions, a prospective clinical trial of NSCLC patients treated with nivolumab was conducted. We assessed genomic alterations in tumors from 58 patients and performed large-scale neoepitope immunogenicity analyses, before and during treatment (CheckMate153, CA209-153). Tumors were analyzed by whole-exome and transcriptome sequencing. In responding patients, loss of mutation and neoantigen burden early during therapy associated with clinical benefit. We evaluated the immunogenicity of 1,453 candidate neoantigens and identified 502 neopeptides that bound to MHC I and 196 neopeptides that were immunogenically recognized by T cells in the setting of nivolumab treatment. These T cell reactive neoantigens were differentially present in clonal populations that underwent distinctive evolutionary trajectories across responders and nonresponders. Mapping these neoantigens to tumor clonal dynamics and clinical response revealed strong selection against immunogenic neoantigen harboring clones compared to non-immunogenic clones. Using this large collection of neoantigens, we identified position specific amino acid features related to immunogenicity, which we used to develop and validate an immunogenicity score. Changes in the genomic and neoantigen immunogenicity landscapes were accompanied by temporal changes in the tumor microenvironment. Nivolumab-induced microenvironmental evolution in NSCLC shared some similarities with that in melanoma, yet critical differences in immunologic programs were apparent from comparative network analysis between tumor types. This study provides unprecedented molecular portraits of the neoantigen landscapes underlying nivolumab’s mechanism of action.

  Study EGAS00001007509

• Stratifying and Targeting Pediatric Medulloblastoma through Genomics

  In this project, genomic analyses of pediatric medulloblastoma samples, obtained through the international medulloblastoma consortium, will be performed. RNA and miRNA expression profiles of 1000 samples, representing all four subgroups (Wnt, Shh, Group C, and D), will be studied to identify novel subtypes within each subgroup. The resulting subtype-specific expression profiles will support the development of reliable and robust biomarkers to more accurately and reliably classify medulloblastomas for treatment in clinical trials. For that purpose, two assays will be developed: an antibody-based immunohistochemical assay and an orthogonal nucleic acid-based hybridization assay. Additional genomic DNA analysis of the 300 high risk subgroup cases will support the discovery of subgroup specific somatic mutations in order to inform current clinical trials of targeted therapies, and to identify genes and pathways already targeted in other diseases. Such therapies could be rapidly transitioned to Phase II trials in medulloblastoma. Furthermore, the discovery of somatic mutations could be used for developing as well as validating specific biomarkers. The project team will also try to identify risk factors that predispose children to this type of cancer.

  Study EGAS00001000273

• Whole exome sequencing for primary lung adenocarcinoma samples

  We performed whole exome sequencing (WES) of 11 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded lung tumour tissues and paired blood samples.

  Study EGAS00001003680

• Neoadjuvant immune checkpoint blockade in high-risk resectable melanoma

  We conducted a randomized phase II study of neoadjuvant nivolumab versus combined ipilimumab with nivolumab in 23 patients with high-risk resectable melanoma (NCT02519322) and assessed clinical responses and immune correlates. Treatment with combined ipilimumab and nivolumab yielded high response rates (RECIST overall response rate 73%, pathologic complete response rate 45%) but substantial toxicity (73% grade 3 treatment related adverse events), whereas treatment with nivolumab monotherapy yielded modest responses (RECIST overall response rate 25%, pathologic complete response rate 25%) and low toxicity (8% grade 3 treatment related adverse events). Immune correlates of response were identified, demonstrating higher lymphoid infiltrates in responders to both therapies and a more clonal and diverse T cell infiltrate in responders to nivolumab monotherapy. Mutational load was also higher in responders to therapy.

  Study EGAS00001003178

• Genomic and epigenomic insights into the origin, pathogenesis and clinical behavior of mantle cell lymphoma subtypes

  Mantle Cell Lymphoma can be subdivided into conventional (cMCL) and leukemic non-nodal MCL (nnMCL), which differ in the cell of origin, gene expression, biological characteristics and clinical evolution. Using genomic, epigenomic and transcriptomic data we identified common and particular alterations in the two subtypes, either point mutations, copy number alterations or structural variants some of them with prognostic impact.

  Study EGAS00001004165

• Single-cell analysis for metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma

  Intra-tumoral heterogeneity (ITH) is the fundamental property of cancer, however, the origins of ITH remain poorly understood. Here we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) from patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC), constructed a transcriptome map of 45,048 PC cells, profiled the transcriptome states of diverse tumor cell lineages and types, incisively explored ITH of PC tumor cells, and identified significant correlates with patient survival.

  Study EGAS00001004443

• Transcriptomic analysis of the Phase 3 COMPARZ clinical trial

  Metastasis remains the main reason for renal cell carcinoma (RCC)-associated mortality. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) impart clinical benefit for most RCC patients but the determinants of response are poorly understood. We report an integrated genomic and transcriptomic analysis of metastatic clear cell RCC (ccRCC) patients treated with TKI therapy and identify predictors of response. Patients in the COMPARZ phase III trial received first-line sunitinib or pazopanib with comparable efficacy. Microarray-based transcriptomic analyses with results from Next-gen genomic analyses of targeted genes revealed distinct molecular subgroups associated with response and survival.

  Study EGAS00001004534

• ctDNA monitoring using patient-specific sequencing and integration of variant reads - Breast cohort

  Circulating tumor-derived DNA (ctDNA) can be used to monitor cancer dynamics noninvasively. Detection of ctDNA can be challenging in patients with low-volume or residual disease, where plasma contains very few tumor-derived DNA fragments. We show that sensitivity for ctDNA detection in plasma can be improved by analyzing hundreds to thousands of mutations that are first identified by tumor genotyping. We describe the INtegration of VAriant Reads (INVAR) pipeline, which combines custom error-suppression methods and signal-enrichment approaches based on biological features of ctDNA. With this approach, the detection limit in each sample can be estimated independently based on the number of informative reads sequenced across multiple patient-specific loci. We applied INVAR to custom hybrid-capture sequencing data from 176 plasma samples from 105 patients with melanoma, lung, renal, glioma, and breast cancer across both early and advanced disease. By integrating signal across a median of >105 informative reads, ctDNA was routinely quantified to 1 mutant molecule per 100,000, and in some cases with high tumor mutation burden and/or plasma input material, to individual parts per million. This resulted in median Area Under the Curve (AUC) values of 0.98 in advanced cancers, and 0.80 in early stage and challenging settings for ctDNA detection. We generalized this method to whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing, showing that the INVAR may be applied without requiring personalized sequencing panels, so long as a tumor mutation list is available. As tumor sequencing becomes increasingly performed, such methods for personalized cancer monitoring may enhance the sensitivity of cancer liquid biopsies.

  Study EGAS00001004446

• DIPG RNA and exome sequencing

  DIPG is a paediatric high-grade glioma that diffusely infiltrates the brainstem and is the leading cause of paediatric brain tumour death. Here we performed RNA and whole exome sequencing on DIPG and control samples to analyse transcriptomic and genetic alterations associated with this devastating disease, and to understand the relationship between them.

  Study EGAS00001004749

• G-SAM: Transcriptional Evolution of Glioblastomas Treated With Standard of Care

  Collection of mostly matching primary and recurrent glioblastoma RNA-seq sample pairs, also matching with an earlier DNA sequencing study

  Study EGAS00001005436

• Alternative lengthening of telomeres in childhood neuroblastoma from genome to proteome

  Telomere maintenance by telomerase activation or alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) is a major determinant of poor outcome in neuroblastoma. Here, we screen for ALT in primary and relapsed neuroblastomas and characterize its features using multi-omics profiling. We aim to deepen the knowledge about the biology and clinical features of ALT-positive neuroblastomas by enriching ALT tumors in the study cohort independent of ATRX mutation status. Using a combination of genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic profiling, we provide evidence that this subgroup is clinically and molecularly distinct.

  Study EGAS00001004349

• MutWP1__CRUK_Grand_Challenge_Mutographs_of_Cancer__Oesophageal_squamous_cell_carcinoma

  The Mutographs project aims to advance our understanding of the causes of cancer through studies of mutational signatures. Led by Mike Stratton, together with Paul Brennan, Ludmil Alexandrov, Allan Balmain, David Phillips and Peter Campbell, this large-scale international research endeavour was awarded a Cancer Research UK Grand Challenge. Different patterns of somatic mutation are generated by the different environmental, lifestyle and genetic factors that cause cancer, many of them are still unknown. Within Mutographs, the International Agency for Research on Cancer is coordinating the recruitment of 5000 individuals with cancer (colorectal, renal, pancreatic, oesophageal adenocarcinoma or oesophageal squamous cancers) across 5 continents to explore whether different mutational signatures explain marked variation in incidence. In brief, through an international network of collaborators around the world, biological materials are collected, along with demographic, histological, clinical and questionnaire data. Whole genome sequences of tumour-germline DNA pairs are generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (Illumina HiSeqX, 40X and 20X depth respectively). Somatic mutational signatures are subsequently extracted by non-negative matrix factorisation methods and correlated with risk factors data. Through an enhanced understanding of cancer aetiology, Mutographs unprecedented effort is anticipated to outline modifiable risk factors, lead to new approaches to prevent cancer, and provide opportunities to empower early detection, refine high-risk groups and contribute to further therapeutic development.

  Study EGAS00001002725

• Pediatric HGG WES and RNA-Seq

  Paediatric high-grade glioma (pHGG) is the leading cause of paediatric brain tumour death. Here we performed RNA and whole exome sequencing on pHGG samples to analyse transcriptomic and genetic alterations associated with this devastating disease, and to understand the relationship between them.

  Study EGAS00001005687

• Whole genome sequence and RNA-seq data from paired tumour and germline samples from mesothelioma patients.

  Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) has a poor overall survival with few treatment options. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) combined with RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of the immune features of MPM offers the prospect of identifying changes that could inform future clinical trials. We analysed somatic mutation and RNA-seq data from 229 MPM samples, including 58 MPM samples that had undergone WGS from our own institutions, together with other published data. This combined analysis identified somatic driver genes, including newly identified candidate genes. Whole genome doubling was a frequent event that correlated with shorter survival. Mutational signature analysis revealed dominant signatures and showed that defects in homologous recombination repair were infrequent in our cohort. Within the tumour immune environment we identified high M2 macrophage infiltrate linked with MMP2, MMP14, TGFB1 and CCL2 expression, representing an immunosuppressive environment. A small subset of samples had a higher proportion of CD8 T cells and a high cytolytic score, suggesting a ‘hot’ immune environment which is independent of the somatic mutations. We propose that our findings on genomic changes and subtypes of immune microenvironments may influence therapeutic planning in the future.

  Study EGAS00001005196

• Genomic landscape of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST)

  Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is the most common tumor predisposition syndrome, and is associated with an aggressive soft-tissue sarcoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours (MPNSTs), the greatest cause of morbidity and mortality in people with NF1. The only potentially curative therapy involves surgery which is not always possible. Even therapy with curative intent is associated with poor overall survival for both sporadic and NF1-related MPNSTs. The development of novel therapies has been largely hindered by a lack of understanding of the molecular events underpinning MPNST pathogenesis. This is a comprehensive multi-omic study of MPNST evolution based on whole genome sequencing and transcriptomic data.

  Study EGAS00001006069

• Tumorigenic role of Musashi-2 in aggressive mantle cell lymphoma

  SOX11 is overexpressed in the highly aggressive conventional mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) but rarely in the indolent non-nodal MCL subtype. We performed RNA-seq of SOX11+ and SOX11- MCLs to search for SOX11-regulated genes that contributed to MCL clinical evolution, identifying Musashi-2 (MSI2) stem cell-related gene. By performing RNA-seq upon MSI2 knockdown or inhibition in MCL, we identified MSI2 as a potential target to inhibit drug resistance in aggressive MCLs.

  Study EGAS00001006613

• Genomic and immune signatures predict clinical outcome in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma treated with immunotherapy regimens

  Study EGAS00001007404

• Single-cell RNA sequencing on 5063 single T cells isolated from peripheral blood, tumour and adjacent normal tissues from six hepatocellular carcinoma patients.

  Single-cell RNA sequencing on 5063 single T cells isolated from peripheral blood, tumour and adjacent normal tissues from six hepatocellular carcinoma patients. The transcriptional properties of these individual cells, coupled with the assembled T cell receptor (TCR) sequences, were used to delineate the molecular subtypes, lineage, and functional properties of each T cell group. For five HCC patient, the exome-seq data of matched normal/tumor and bulk RNA-seq data of tumor are also available.

  Study EGAS00001002072