3772 results for "*oma"

in 43.39 milliseconds.

• Establishment of xenogfafts and cultured cell lines from clinical samples

  The purpose of the present study was to clarify the presence or absence of alterations in the molecular properties of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) with up to eight passages in endometrial carcinomas. Alterations in the proportion of immunohistochemically positive/negative cells for PAX8, estrogen receptor, PAX2, and PTEN were observed in established PDXs of endometrioid carcinomas and carcinosarcomas, whereas proportions of cells with AE1/AE3, TP53, ARID1A PMS2, and MSH6 were maintained. Variants of cancer-associated genes in PDX compared to those in the parental tumors were examined in two cases, a frameshift deletion in BRCA1 was observed in the parental tumor tissue, and additional genomic alterations were found in the PDXs of this case. Genomic and phenotypic alterations in endometrial carcinoma PDXs relative to the parental tumors were observed and were partly associated with endometrial cancer-specific characteristics in cellular differentiation and gene mutations.

  Study JGAS000585

• Project for Development of Innovative Research on Cancer Therapeutics; Identifiying the predictive factors for response to chemoherapy in ovarian cancer

  To identify novel predictive biomarkers of response to chemotherapy for clear cell carcinoma of the ovary

  Study JGAS000076

• Whole genome sequencing analysis of hepatoblastoma

  Whole genome sequencing analysis of pediatiric liver tumor, hepatoblastoma, and their genomic and epigenomic features.

  Study JGAS000156

• NGS-based targeted exome sequencing of osteosarcoma

  The present study aimed to identify potential genomic markers for the prediction of chemosensitivity in patients with OS using a genomic approach.

  Study JGAS000282

• CAGE analysis for non-small cell lung carcinoma

  Targeted therapies based on the molecular and histological features of cancer types are becoming standard practice. The most effective regimen in lung cancers is different between squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AD). Therefore a precise diagnosis is crucial, but this has been difficult, particularly for poorly differentiated SCC (PDSCC) and AD without a lepidic growth component (non-lepidic AD). Biomarkers enabling a precise diagnosis are therefore urgently needed.To achieve this goal, we performed CAGE (Cap Analysis of Gene Expression) to quantify promoter activities on 97 frozen tissues from surgically resected lung cancers (22 SCC and 75 AD). The result was followed up by by immunohistochemical analysis (IHC) in an independent group.

  Study JGAS000070

• Whole-genome sequencing analysis for understanding of the stepwise progression of lung adenocarcinoma

  In this study, we performed long and short read whole-genome sequencing analysis of lung adenocarcinoma from early to advanced stages to identify molecular events associated with the stepwise progression of lung adenocarcinoma. We particularly focused on very early stage of lung adenocarcinoma, such as adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA). In addition to the whole-genome sequencing analysis, we conducted transcriptome and epigenome analysis, multiplex fluorescence immunostaining. This study would enable us to understand important molecular events of pathogenesis in detail during lung adenocarcinoma progression.

  Study JGAS000570

• Pilot study of adoptive cell therapy using cultured tumor infiltrating lymphocytes for Japanese melanoma patients refractory to immune-checkpoint inhibitors

  To evaluate feasibility of the adoptive cell therapy (ACT) using tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in Japanese melanoma patients who failed the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and investigate the immune components and immunologic milieu within the pretreatment tumor and expanded TILs from there.?Three patients whose clinical subtype were mucosal, superficial spreading, and acral melanoma were treated and the all completed the TIL-ACT. Clinical response were one short-partial response, one relatively long-stable disease, and one progression disease. Whole-exome and transcriptional analysis of pretreatment tumor revealed the various?immunophenotypes including tumor mutation burden with immunogenic neoantigens and upregulation of immunosuppressive gene signatures.

  Study JGAS000249

• Whole exome sequencing of uterine adenomyosis

  Uterine adenomyosis, defined by proliferation of the ectopic endometrial glands in myometrium, is a common benign uterine disorder that significantly impairs the quality of life of the women it affects. Adenomyosis lesions have chronic inflammatory reactions as well as cancer-like features such as invasive capacity into the normal myometrium. In contrast to endometriosis and leiomyoma, the genomic characterization of adenomyosis has yet to be reported. We conducted high-coverage whole exome sequencing analyses of freshly frozen adenomyosis samples, as well as co-occurring leiomyoma. Our WES analyses showed that adenomyosis is a clonal disorder with somatic mutations.

  Study JGAS000169

• The exploratory research of diagnositic biomarker and therapeutic targets of renal cell carcinoma.

  We search more effective markers, which predict worse prognosis in patients with RCC and become targets for therapy of RCC, using tissues of patients with RCC by global transcriptional analysis.

  Study JGAS000149

• Genome-wide analysis for non alcoholic fatty liver disease

  Genome-wide association study for the 902 patients of non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) including non alcoholic steato hepatitis (NASH) and hepatocellurar carcinoma and 7672 controls.

  Study JGAS000126

• RNA-seq analysis of BMP-stimulated glioma initiating cells

  Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling has been shown to suppress progression of glioblastoma by promoting astrocytic differentiation; however, roles of BMP signaling in cell proliferation and apoptosis of glioblastoma cells remains to be elucidated. We here performed RNA-seq analysis of glioma initiating cells to identify transcriptional target(s) of BMP.

  Study JGAS000077

• Analysis of ATL progression by CD30 signaling and its biomarkers (2)

  Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) develops via stepwise accumulation of gene mutations and chromosome aberrations. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this tumorigenic process are poorly understood. We aim to elucidate the mechanism of the tumorigenic process involving genomic aberrations by CD30 signaling in HTLV-1���infected T-cells.

  Study JGAS000537

• Whole exome sequence and transcliptomic analysis of tumor tissues with hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic liver cancer

  We used our pipeline to select neoepitopes with high immunogenicity from the tumor tissues of 46 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma or metastasis of colorectal carcinoma by whole exome sequence and transcriptomic analysis with tumor tissue.

  Study JGAS000507

• Genomic Profiling Reveals Heterogeneous Populations of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ

  Whole Exome Sequencing(WES) and copy number variation(CNV) analysis were performed using breast samples collected from non-invasive breast cancer patients in order to analysis of somatic mutations related to breast tumor phenotypes.

  Study JGAS000202

• Genomic and transcriptomic analysis on hepatocarcinogenesis after HCV eradication

  Little is known about the genomic and transcriptomic features of hepatocellular carcinoma developing after HCV eradication (SVR-HCC). In this study, we aimed to unveil the genomic and transcriptomic basis of hepatocarcinogenesis after SVR.

  Study JGAS000234

• Establishing stable brain tumor stem cell lines and translational research for new treatments

  Choroid plexus carcinomas (CPCs) have dismal prognoses with limited clinical options. A lack of characterized cell lines has hindered the development of new treatment strategies. Here, we perform whole genome sequencing analyses of two cell lines established from CPCs. Whole genome sequencing (WGS),was performed in CCHE-45 and NGT131 cell lines. Both cell lines harbored pathogenic TP53 point mutations; CCHE-45 additionally displayed TP53 loss. Furthermore, alterations of the NOTCH and WNT pathways were also detected in both cell lines. Two protein-coding gene fusions, BZW2-URGCP, and CTTNBP2-ERBB4, mutations of two oncodrivers, GBP-4 and KRTAP-12-2, and several copy number alterations were observed in CCHE-45, but not NGT131. The discovered difference's importance and implications highlight the possible diversity of choroid plexus carcinoma and call for additional research to fully understand disease pathogenesis. Whole genome sequencing revealed that the two choroid plexus carcinoma cell lines shared TP53 mutations and other common pathway alterations and activation of NOTCH and WNT pathways. Noticeable differences were also observed. These cell lines can serve as valuable models to propose new treatments in these rare but deadly brain tumors.

  Study JGAS000657

• Project for Development of Innovative Research on Cancer Therapeutics;Shuttle system between petient-derived xenograft and ex vivo culture for innovative platform of evaluating drug sensitivity.

  We developed CTOS (cancer tissue-originated spheroid) panel covering diversity among patients for colorectal cancer, lung cancer and cervical small cell carcinoma. We then carried out exome sequence analysis of tumor tissues, cell lines and CTOS derived from patients to validate qualitative changes in preparation, culture, cell line, transplantation and passage of CTOS pathologically, biochemically, molecular biologically.

  Study JGAS000089

• Whole genome analysis of liver cancer by long-read sequencing

  Aberrant integration of Hepatitis B virus DNA promotes major restructuring of human hepatocellular carcinoma genome architecture

  Study JGAS000361

• High-coverage whole exome sequence in non-TRU-type lung adenocarcinomas

  In order to elucidate the key genetic events in non-TRU-type lung cancer, we selected 43 non-TRU-type lung adenocarcinomas and performed a whole exome sequence and RNA-seq analysis using a next-generation sequencer. The results of the analysis identified mutations in TP53, KRAS and NKX2-1 as the top three significantly mutated genes, while the EGFR mutation was rare in this cohort. Eight NKX2-1 mutations (5 frameshift, 2 nonsense, and one missense) were identified, with one case harboring two distinct NKX2-1 mutations (missense and frameshift). All NKX2-1 mutants were transcriptionally inactive in reporter assays. Histologically, invasive mucinous adenocarcinomas accounted for most of the NKX2-1 mutations (5 cases), while 1 enteric and 1 acinar adenocarcinoma harbored the NKX2-1 mutation.

  Study JGAS000105

• Global Architecture of anti-Tumor B-Cell Immunity against Gastric Cancer

  Recent successes in tumor immunotherapies have warranted the importance of tumor immunity. Compared to the T-cell immunity, B-cell immune system in cancer is largely elusive. Here we immunogenetically profiled tumor-infiltrating B-cell and T-cell repertoires for exome- characterized diffuse-type gastric carcinoma (DGC), which is remarkable for its B-cell infiltrations, unraveling previously un-defined architectures of B-cell immunity and its interplays with T-cell immunity in cancer. We also performed transcriptome analysis to enumerate the proportions of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in the gastric cancer environment .

  Study JGAS000103

• Single cell transcriptome analysis of breast invasive carcinoma

  We performed single-cell RNA-seq of breast invasive ductal carcinoma to identify the expressional heterogeneity in Luminal subtype and HER2-positive subtype.

  Study JGAS000309

• Comprehensive sequencing analyses of uterine and ovarian carcinosarcoma

  We collected 109 primary tumor and mached normal samples of uterine and ovarian carcinosarcoma. The purpose of this study is to find novel therapeutic options for carcinosarcoma as well as a clue to understand the molecular histogenic mechanism.

  Study JGAS000172

• The genetic analysis of circulating tumor DNA in blood of the digestive cancer patients to investigate the prognostic factors of metastasis and reccurence.

  A Darwinian evolutionary shift occurred early in the neutral evolution of advanced colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and copy number aberrations (CNA) were essential in the transition from adenoma to carcinoma. Subsequent to the primary evolution, we now focus on the evolutionary principle of the genome to foster postoperative recurrence of CRC. SO, We compared CNA, single nucleotide variance (SNV), RNA sequences between 8 primary and 11 metastatic sites from 10 CRCR cases.

  Study JGAS000221

• Research of factors related to diagnosis, progression, prognosis and treatment of hepato-biliary-pancreatic malignancies

  Advanced cancers with metastasis and/or recurrence are usually resistant and refractory to treatment. In our studies, whole exome sequencing analysis, comprehensive epigenetic analysis and genome-wide expression analysis were performed using cancerous and non-cancerous tissues derived from multicentric cohort study of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of the studies is identification of the refractoriness-related deriver genes for application to novel molecular targeted therapy and preventive medicine. The studies are intended for refractory HCC. High frequency of the tumor recurrence even after curative resection is one of the major difficulties in the treatment of HCC. According to our previous studies, not the recurrence itself, but the recurrence pattern has critical effects on prognosis of the patient with HCC. Then, we analyzed the cancerous and non-cancerous tissues of primary HCC on the point of the recurrence patterns in accordance with or without Milan criteria. The materials were obtained from thirty three patients underwent curative hepatectomy for HCC at Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital. Written informed consent from these patients, as well as the institutional review board approved was obtained. The determination of the refractory HCC group (16 cases) was based on the point of the recurrence patterns in accordance with Milan criteria for the recurrent tumor (solitary <5cm, or up to 3 nodules <3 cm, without major vascular invasion or distant metastasis) that has been proposed as the useful criteria of the liver transplantation for HCC. The cellular DNA was extracted from the cancerous and non-cancerous tissues of primary HCC by the phenol-chloroform method. After SNP certification using Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 (Affymetrix), whole exome sequencing was performed at the Cancer Institute of JFCR, as the support infrastructure. Exome sequencing was performed using HiSeq 2000 (Illumina), and the obtained reads were mapped to the human reference genome (hg19) using BWA software. GATK software was used for local realignment base call recalibration. Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and indels were analyzed by MuTect and SomaticIndelDetector, as well as visual confirmation by IGV software.

  Study JGAS000052

• Genetic and transcriptional landscape of plasma cells in POEMS syndrome

  POEMS syndrome is a rare paraneoplastic disease, associated with monoclonal plasma cells whose pathogenic importance remains unclear. We performed comprehensive genetic analyses of plasma cells in 20 patients with POEMS syndrome. Whole exome sequencing and targeted sequencing identified 7 recurrently mutated genes: KLHL6, LTB, EHD1, EML4, HEPHL1, HIPK1, and PCDH10. None of the driver gene mutations frequently found in multiple myeloma (MM) such as NRAS, KRAS, BRAF, and TP53 was detected. Copy number analysis showed chromosomal abnormalities shared with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). RNA sequencing revealed a transcription profile specific to POEMS syndrome, especially in terms of tumorigenesis. Unexpectedly, disease-specific VEGFA expression was not increased in POEMS syndrome. Our study illustrates that the genetic and transcriptional profiles of plasma cells in POEMS syndrome are distinct from MM and MGUS, indicating its unique pathogenesis.

  Study JGAS000150

• Whole exome sequencing of external auditory canal squamous cell carcinoma (EACSCC)

  We performed whole exome sequencing of the primary tumor tissues, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from an EACSCC patient as well as the cell line established from the primary tumor tissues.

  Study JGAS000645

• Targeted Capture DNA Sequencing

  We performed targeted capture DNA sequencing for 29 genes in extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (n=67).

  Study JGAS000548

• Global Architecture of anti-Tumor B-Cell Immunity against Gastric Cancer

  Recent successes in tumor immunotherapies have warranted the importance of tumor immunity. Compared to the T-cell immunity, B-cell immune system in cancer is largely elusive. Here we immunogenetically profiled tumor-infiltrating B-cell and T-cell repertoires for exome- characterized diffuse-type gastric carcinoma (DGC), which is remarkable for its B-cell infiltrations, unraveling previously un-defined architectures of B-cell immunity and its interplays with T-cell immunity in cancer. We also performed transcriptome analysis to enumerate the proportions of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in the gastric cancer environment .

  Study JGAS000141

• The analysis of gene mutations in Hematology malignancy

  We analysed the mutations of target genes regarding malignant lymphoma and myeloma to investigate the relationships between clonal evoutions and disease status. The gene mutation analyses using NGS at the point of diagnosis and relapse or proceeding disease.

  Study JGAS000232

• Integrated copy number and expression analysis identifies profiles of whole-arm chromosomal alterations and subgroups with favorable outcome in ovarian clear cell carcinomas

  Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (CCC) is generally associated with chemoresistance and poor clinical outcome, even with early diagnosis; whereas high-grade serous carcinomas (SCs) and endometrioid carcinomas (ECs) are commonly chemosensitive at advanced stages. Although an integrated genomic analysis of SC has been performed, conclusive views on copy number and expression profiles for CCC are still limited. In this study, we performed single nucleotide polymorphism arrays in 57 (31 CCCs, 14 SCs, and 12 ECs) and expression microarrays in 55 epithelial ovarian cancers (25 CCCs, 16 SCs, and 14 ECs), and then evaluated PIK3CA mutations and ARID1A expression in CCCs. SNP array analysis classified 13% of CCCs into a cluster with high frequency and focal range of copy number alterations (CNAs), significantly lower than for SCs (93%, P < 0.01) and ECs (50%, P = 0.017). The ratio of whole-arm to all CNAs was higher in CCCs (46.9%) than SCs (21.7%) (P < 0.0001). SCs with loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of BRCA1 (85%) also had LOH of NF1 and TP53, and LOH of BRCA2 (62%) coexisted with LOH of RB1 and TP53. Microarray analysis classified CCCs into three clusters. One cluster (CCC-2, n = 10) showed more favorable prognosis than the others (CCC-1and CCC-3) (P = 0.041). Coexistent alterations of PIK3CA and ARID1A were more common in CCC-1 and CCC-3 (7/11, 64%) than in CCC-2 (0/10, 0%) (P < 0.01). Being in cluster CCC-2 was an independent favorable prognostic factor in CCC. In conclusion, CCC was characterized by a high ratio of whole-arm CNAs; whereas CNAs in SC were mainly focal, but preferentially caused LOH of well-known tumor suppressor genes. As such, expression profiles might be useful for sub-classification of CCC, and might provide useful information on prognosis.

  Study JGAS000022

• Comprehensive biomarker analysis from phase II study of nivolumab in patients with thymic carcinoma

  In a phase II trial of nivolumab in advanced thymic carcinoma (UMIN000022007), long SD (SD for more than 24 weeks) was seen in three patients and irAE (Gr2 or higher) was seen in four patients among 15 patients. We conducted preplanned comprehensive biomarker analyses.We obtained whole blood for Immuno Pharmacogenomic analysis using PBMC DNA.Immuno-PGx analysis showed non-synonymous SNVs in ITGAX and PDCD1 had some correlation with PFS.

  Study JGAS000588

• Genomics characterization of primary central nervous system lymphoma

  Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare malignancy confined to the central nervous system (CNS). Despite low tendency of systemic dissemination, its prognosis is poor with median overall survival of 2?4 years. Due to its rarity, knowledge of genomic alterations underling PCNSL pathogenesis is severely limited. Here we performed whole-exome sequencing on 44 PCNSL and paired normal specimens, revealing high penetrance of nonsynonymous somatic mutations in PIM1 (95.5%), BTG2 (88.6%) and MYD88 (81.8%). Interestingly we found oncogenic mutations in GRB2, and this effect was cancelled when transformed cells are treated with inhibitors to downstream kinases MAP2K1/2. Further, when tumor cells carries MYD88 mutations, the same mutations were also found at low frequency in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC), implying that MYD88 mutation?positive precancerous cells originate outside CNS and develop to lymphoma with additional genetic hits that fit the CNS environment.

  Study JGAS000021

• WGS analysis of a glioma initiating cell line

  We here obtained whole-genome sequencing data to analyze transcription factor binding sequences and somatic mutations found in our RNA-seq analysis of glioma initiating cells.

  Study JGAS000096

• Investigating genomic intratumor heterogeneity in colorectal carcinoma

  To investigateintertumor heterogeneity of colorecatal carcinoma, we profiled the genome and epigenome in multiple regions within each of nine colorectal tumors.

  Study JGAS000060

• Homozygous inactivation of CHEK2 is linked to a familial case of multiple primary lung cancer with accompanying cancers in other organs

  In clinical practice, there are a number of cancer patients with clear family histories, but not belonging to existing familial malignancies. Recent advances in genomic technologies have enhanced the possibility of identifying causative genes in such cases. Two siblings, an elder sister and a younger brother, were found to have multiple primary lung cancers at the age of 60. The former subsequently developed breast cancer, and had a history of myoma uteri. The latter had initially developed prostate cancer at the age of 59, and had a history of colon cancer. SNP genotyping revealed that approximately 10% of the genomes were homozygous in both patients. Exome sequencing revealed non-synonymous mutations in four genes in the runs of homozygosity: CHEK2, FCGRT, INPP5J, and SFI1. Evolutionary conservation of primary protein structures suggested the functional importance of the CHEK2 mutation, R474C. This mutation altered the tertiary structure of CHK2 by disrupting the salt bridge between R474 and E394. No such structural changes were observed with the other three mutated genes. Subsequent cell-based transfection analysis revealed that CHK2 R474C was unstable and scarcely activated. We concluded that CHEK2 is a causative gene in this case of familial cancer. Although homozygous inactivation of CHEK2 in mice led to cancers in multiple organs, accumulation of additional human cases is needed to establish its pathogenic role in humans.

  Study JGAS000057

• Target sequencing of 27 cancer-predisposing genes and 13 renal cell carcinoma-related genes in Japanese renal cell carcinoma patients

  Identifying causative genes via genetic testing is useful for the screening, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Several hereditary syndromes are known to occur in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, these evidences came from the European population; it remains unclear how the RCC-related genes and other cancer-predisposing genes contribute to the development RCC in the Japanese population. A case-control study of 14 RCC-related genes and 26 cancer-predisposing genes was performed using 1,563 Japanese patients with RCC and 6,016 controls. Patients were divided into two major histological subtypes of clear cell RCC (ccRCC) or non-clear cell RCC (nccRCC). Gene-based analysis of germline pathogenic variants in patients with each subtype and cancer-free subjects was performed. Following quality control, 1,532 patients with RCC and 5,996 controls were further analyzed. For ccRCC, 52 of 1,283 (4.05%) patients carried pathogenic variants mainly in the cancer-predisposing genes such as TP53 (P = 1.73 �� 10-4; OR, 5.8; 95% CI, 2.2���15.7). Approximately 80% of patients with pathogenic variants in TP53 had p.Ala189Val that was specific in East Asian population. For nccRCC, 14 of 249 (5.62%) patients carried pathogenic variants mainly in the RCC-related genes such as BAP1 (P = 6.27 �� 10-5; OR, Inf; 95% CI, 10.0���Inf), and FH (P = 6.27 �� 10-5; OR, Inf; 95% CI, 10.0���Inf). Our study showed different and population-specific contributions of risk genes between ccRCC and nccRCC in Japanese for better-personalized medicine.

  Study JGAS000414

• Variant allele frequency changes in TP53 predict pembrolizumab response in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma

  Prognoses for patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) have strikingly improved with pembrolizumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI), but clinical benefits are limited to a subset of patients. Therefore, a non-invasive biomarker to predict pembrolizumab response is urgently required. We retrospectively examined genomic alterations in 25 plasma circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) samples using a targeted sequencing of 77 genes from 16 mUC patients during pembrolizumab treatment. Eleven (68.8%) patients had two or more genomic alterations, including TP53 mutations (as defined by ctDNA-positive status). The proportion of responders to pembrolizumab in the ctDNA-positive group was higher than the ctDNA-negative group (72.7% vs. 20.0%). Furthermore, among all detected genomic alterations, variant allele frequency decreases in TP53 during pembrolizumab treatment were mainly associated with therapeutic response. Collectively, we suggest that profiling of ctDNA in plasma, especially TP53, is useful for predicting and monitoring therapeutic responses to pembrolizumab in mUC patients.

  Study JGAS000622

• Epigenomic analysis of the human placenta and endometrium constituting the fetal-maternal interface

  This study aims to determine the reference epigenomes of the human placenta and endometrium, which constitute the fetal-meternal interface, for future use in studies of human diseases associated with reproduction and development. In the placenta, we focus on cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast cells (both at first trimester and at term) and, in the endometrium, we focus on epithelial cells (at the follicular and secretory phases) and stroma cells. These reference epigenomic data will be of valuable resource in studying disease-associated differences in epigenomic modification in the reproductive system. JGA submission accessions: JGA000074,JGA00000000074

  Study JGAS000073

• Molecular analysis of diffuse cerebellar gliomas

  Among diffuse gliomas, oligodendrogliomas show relatively better prognosis, respond well to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and seldom progress to very aggressive tumors. To elucidate the genetic and epigenetic background for such behavior and tumor evolution during tumor relapse, we comparatively analyzed 12 pairs of primary and recurrent oligodendrogliomas with 1p/19q-codeletion. Initial treatment for these patients was mostly chemotherapy alone. Temozolomide was used for 3, and procarbazine, nimustine and vincristine (PAV chemotherapy) were used for 7 patients. World Health Organization histological grade at recurrence was mostly stable; it was increased in 2, the same in 9, and decreased in 1 cases. Whole-exome sequencing demonstrated that the rate of shared mutation between the primary and recurrent tumors was relatively low, ranging from 3.2-57.9% (average, 33.3%), indicating a branched evolutionary pattern. The trunk alterations that existed throughout the course were restricted to IDH1 mutation, 1p/19q-codeletion, and TERT promoter mutation, and mutation of the known candidate tumor suppressor genes CIC and FUBP1 were not consistently observed between primary and recurrent tumors. Multiple sampling from different regions within a tumor showed marked intratumoral heterogeneity. Notably, in general, the number of mutations was not significantly different after recurrence, remaining under 100, and no hypermutator phenotype was observed. FUBP1 mutation, loss of chr. 9p21, and TCF12 mutation were among a few recurrent de novo alterations that were found at recurrence, indicating that these events were clonally selected at recurrence but were not enough to enhance malignancy. Genome-wide methylation status, measured by Illumina 450 K arrays, was stable between recurrence and the primary tumor. In summary, although oligodendroglioma displays marked mutational heterogeneity, histological malignant transformation accompanying events such as considerable increase in mutation number and epigenetic profile change were not observed at recurrence, indicating that noticeable temporal and spatial genetic heterogeneity in oligodendrogliomas does not result in rapid tumor progression.

  Study JGAS000106

• Genome-wide integrative analysis of pediatric pancreatoblastoma

  Pancreatoblastoma is the most common pancreatic malignancy of young children, but its molecular pathogenesis remains poorly understood. To understand the molecular pathogenesis of pancreatoblastoma, we comprehensively analysed the whole exome sequencing, RNA sequencing, SNP array, and methylation array data of pancreatoblastoma.

  Study JGAS000088

• intratumor heterogeneity in colorectal adenoma and carcinoma

  To investigate intratumor heterogeneity in precancerous lesions of colorectal cancers (PCRCs), we performed whole-exome sequencing of 53 tumor and 10 matched-normal samples from 10 laterally spreading tumors in the colon and rectum, which were histologically diagnosed as adenoma with/without adenocarcinoma.

  Study JGAS000092

• Comprehensive molecular and clinicopathological profiling of lung adenocarcinoma in Japanese never or light smokers

  Studies have yet to characterize the differences in molecular profiles of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) among divergent ethnic groups. Herein, we conducted comprehensive molecular profiling of LUAD in never or light smokers from Asia in order to discover novel targetable mutations and prognostic biomarkers of this distinct disease entity. Methods: We analyzed 996 cases of Asian LUAD, and performed whole-exome sequencing and/or RNA-seq in 125 cases of Asian LUAD negative for the driver oncogenes defined by conventional laboratory testing. We also investigated the clinical and pathological characteristics among the 996 cases. Results: Driver oncogenes were identified in 88 cases (70.4%) with specific hotspot mutations differing from those in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) study. Clustering based on mRNA expression profiles, but not genetic mutational ones, could predict patient prognosis. The risk score generated by the expression of a three-gene set was a strong prognostic marker for overall survival and progression-free survival in our cohort, and was further validated using TCGA cohort. Among the 996 cases, each driver alteration is distributed across all histological subtypes. Adenocarcinoma in situ was identified to harbor driver mutations, suggesting that these alterations are early events in the pathogenesis of LUAD. This study indicates the value of applying gene expression profiling for predicting the prognosis after a surgical operation, and that the identification of actionable mutations is important for optimizing targeted drugs in Japanese LUAD.

  Study JGAS000215

• DNA methylation at HBV integrants and flanking host genomes

  Integration of DNA viruses into the human genome plays an important role in various types of tumors, including hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the molecular details and clinical impact of HBV integration on either the human or HBV epigenomes are unknown. Here, we show that methylation of the integrated HBV DNA is related to the methylation status of the flanking human genome. We developed a next-generation sequencing-based method for structural methylation analysis of integrated viral genomes (denoted G-NaVI). This method is a novel approach that enables enrichment of viral fragments for sequencing using unique baits based on the sequence of the HBV genome. We detected integrated HBV sequences in the genome of the PLC/PRF/5 cell line and found variable levels of methylation within the integrated HBV genomes. Allele-specific methylation analysis revealed that the HBV genome often became significantly methylated when integrated into highly methylated host sites. After integration into unmethylated human genome regions such as promoters, however, the HBV DNA remains unmethylated and may eventually play an important role in tumorigenesis. The observed dynamic changes in DNA methylation of the host and viral genomes may functionally affect the biological behavior of HBV. These findings may impact public health given that millions of people worldwide are carriers of HBV. We also believe our assay will be a powerful tool to increase our understanding of the various types of DNA virus-associated tumorigenesis.

  Study JGAS000015

• Genomic DNA analysis for malignant mesothelioma from the patients of Japan and USA.

  Malignant mesotheliomas (MMs) are highly aggressive adult malignancies and exposure to asbestos is the major factor involved in MM pathogenesis. It is desirable for a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of MM will lead to more specific and effective targeted therapies. In addition it is reported that germline mutation in a specific gene (ex. BAP1) associates familial MMs, and new candidate markers to determine a subject?s predisposition to MM and for early detection need to be identified. Analysis of genomic DNA from MM tumors and reference peripheral blood from Japan and USA are ongoing to find the common genomic characters beyond race.

  Study JGAS000108

• Whole exome sequencing and RNA sequencing of cervical cancer

  We designed this study to identify molecular markers involved in the development and prognosis of cervical adenocarcinoma. In this study, we would like to elucidate the molecular biological characteristics of cervical adenocarcinoma in relation to the carcinogenesis of other cervical cancers (squamous cell carcinoma), vaginal and vulvar cancers. In addition, some squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix develop at a young age and have a poor prognosis. Furthermore, small cell carcinoma of the cervix also progresses rapidly and has a poor prognosis, making the establishment of diagnostic and therapeutic methods an urgent task.

  Study JGAS000582

• Whole Genome Sequencing Analysis of Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma

  In this study, we have performed the whole genome sequencing (WGS) for primary tumors from adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) to identify recurrent genetic mutations and structural variants.

  Study JGAS000320

• Genome-wide copy number analysis of neuroblastoma

  Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood. Despite the improvement of risk-stratified therapies, overall survival rate of high-risk group is still as low as 40-50%. To investigate genome-wide copy number profiles of neuroblastoma, we performed SNP array analysis and PCR-based amplicon deep sequencing of neuroblastoma-related genes in 522 neuroblastoma samples.

  Study JGAS000046

• Establishment of an integrated database for clinical and genomic data in cancer

  In this study, to clarify the genomic varieties of MM in Asian population, we planned to investigate the genomic features in Japanese population, represented as an Asian cohort, and preformed the comprehensive genomic analysis of MM cells with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) by means of targeted capture sequencing (TCS) method. In our TCS assay, MM cells are subjected to the detection of following genomic abnormalities; IG rearrangements, IG associated translocations, CNAs, and somatic mutations from 340 genes related to the pathogenesis and therapeutic agent of MM.

  Study JGAS000206

• Development of cell lines and mouse models of bone and soft tissue sarcoma to establish novel treatment

  Malignant giant-cell tumors are extremely rare bone sarcomas that transform from conventional giant-cell tumors during long periods of treatment. We have applied the culture methods and succeeded in establishing patient-derived organoids (PDO) of rare sarcomas. This study aimed to investigate the genomic characteristics of our established novel organoids from human malignant giant-cell tumors. The developed tumors with xenograft were genomically analyzed to compare their characteristics with those of the original tumors. Genetic changes over time throughout treatment were analyzed, and the genomic status of the established organoid was confirmed. Next generation sequencing revealed that the established organoids lacked the H3-3A G34W mutation. The xenografted organoids of the malignant giant-cell tumor had phenotypes genetically similar to those of the original tumor. The established organoids were confirmed to be derived from human malignant giant-cell tumors. In summary, the present study demonstrated a novel organoid model of a malignant giant-cell tumor that was genetically confirmed to be a malignant transformed tumor. Our organoid model could be used to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of a malignant giant-cell tumor and develop novel treatment modalities.

  Study JGAS000618

• Genome and gene analysis of gastrointestinal cancer and elucidation of its clinicopathological significance

  <html>Cancer develops through the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic aberrations. To identify sequential molecular alterations that occur during the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we molecularly compared 52 early and 108 overt HCC samples by genome sequencing. Gene mutations in the p53/RB1 pathway, WNT pathway, <i>MLLs</i>, SWI/SNF complexes, and AKT/PI3K pathway were common in HCC. In the early phase of all entities,<i> TERT</i> was the most frequently upregulated gene owing to diverse mechanisms. Despite frequent somatic mutations in driver genes, including <i>CTNNB1</i> and <i>TP53</i>, early HCC was a separate molecular entity from overt HCC as each had a distinct expression profile. Notably, WNT target genes were not activated in early HCC, regardless of <i>CTNNB1</i> mutation status, because ?-catenin did not translocate into the nucleus due to the E-Cadherin/?-catenin complex at the membrane. Conversely, WNT targets were definitively upregulated in overt HCC with <i>CTNNB1</i> mutation associated with downregulation of <i>CDH1</i> and hypomethylation of CpG islands in the target genes. Similarly, cell cycle genes downstream of the p53/RB pathway were upregulated only in overt HCC with <i>TP53</i> and/or <i>RB1</i> gene mutations associated with chromosomal deletion of 4q and/or 16q. Differing from the expression profile, HCC was epigenetically distinguished into four subclasses: normal-like methylation, global-hypomethylation (favorable prognosis), stem-like methylation (poor prognosis), and CpG island methylation. These methylation statuses were globally maintained through HCC progression. Taken together, additional molecular events besides driver gene mutations cooperatively contribute to transcriptional activation of downstream targets as HCC progresses, according to the methylation status of the associated genes.</html>

  Study JGAS000233