9182 results for "cancer rna-seq"

in 124.28 milliseconds.

• RNAseq_of_Human_Organoid_Lines

  The study will use RNAseq to aid in benchmarking different culture conditions in a set of genetically annotated human organoid lines. The data will be used to assess whether there is any clonal differences introduced when culturing these lines in different conditions.

  Study EGAS00001003888

• FIT interval CRCs versus Screen-detected CRCs

  Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples from 27 FIT interval CRC and 54 screen-detected CRCs collected in a pilot-program of FIT-based CRC screening in the southwest and northwest regions in the Netherlands, were used in this study. DNA was extracted for 1) Shallow Sequencing (copy number analysis) and 2) TSACP Amplicon Cancer Gene Panel (mutations) of 22 FIT Interval CRCs and 45 screen-detected CRCs.

  Dataset EGAD00001006409

• Advanced Genomic Techniques in Sequencing of Colorectal Cancer

  We developed a method that uses allelic imbalance information in combination with phased genomic sequencing to generate mega-haplotypes that can encompass entire chromosome arms. We applied this technique to characterize aneuploidy and chromosomal alterations in colorectal cancers.

  Study phs001400

• Genomic Characterization of Brain Metastases from Lung Cancer

  Metastatic disease to the brain is associated with a poor prognosis. Our understanding of the genetic drivers of metastasis remain limited. Whole-exome sequencing was performed from brain metastases from lung adenocarcinoma to identify putative drivers of metastatic progression.

  Study phs001920

• PD-L1 blockade in combination with carboplatin as immune induction in metastatic lobular breast cancer: the GELATO-trial

  Invasive lobular breast cancer (ILC) is the second most common histological breast cancer subtype but published data on trials specific for ILC are so far lacking. Translational research revealed that a subset of ILCs may be immune-related and more sensitive to DNA-damaging agents such as platinum. In murine ILC models, synergy between immune checkpoint blockade and platinum has been observed. Here, we tested this concept in the phase II, GELATO-trial (NCT03147040), in which patients with metastatic ILC were treated with weekly carboplatin (AUC 1.5) as immune induction treatment for 12 weeks and atezolizumab (PD-L1 blockade; every three weeks) from the third week onwards until disease progression. Four out of 23 evaluable patients had a partial response (17%, 95%CI 5-39%) and two patients had stable disease for at least 24 weeks, resulting in a clinical benefit rate of 26% (95%CI 10-48%). Out of these six patients, four patients had triple-negative ILC (TN-ILC). In serial biopsies of metastatic lesions, we observed higher CD8 T-cell infiltration, expression of immune checkpoints, and exhausted T cells upon carboplatin/PD-L1 blockade. This is the first report of a clinical trial specifically for ILC and we demonstrate promising anti-tumor activity of atezolizumab with carboplatin as immune induction, in particular for TN-ILC. While activity of carboplatin/PD-L1 blockade in classical ER+ ILC was limited, our translational data yield important insights for the design of highly needed clinical trials in ILC.

  Study EGAS00001006902

• Mutation-specific non-canonical pathway of PTEN as a distinct therapeutic target for glioblastoma

  PTEN is one of most frequently altered tumor suppressor genes in malignant tumors. The dominant negative effect of PTEN alteration suggests that aberrant function of PTEN mutation might be more disastrous than deletion, the most frequent genomic event in glioblastoma (GBM). This study aimed to understand the functional properties of various PTEN missense mutations and to investigate their clinical relevance. The genomic landscape of PTEN alteration was analyzed using the Samsung Medical Center GBM cohort and validated via The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset. Several hot-spot mutations were identified, and their subcellular distributions and phenotypes were evaluated. We established a library of cancer cell lines that over-express these mutant proteins using the U87MG and patient-derived cell models lacking functional PTEN. PTEN mutations were categorized into two major subsets: missense mutations in the phosphatase domain and truncal mutations in the C2 domain. We determined the subcellular compartmentalization of four mutant proteins (H93Y, C124S, R130Q, and R173C) from the former group and found that they had distinct localizations; those associated with invasive phenotypes (‘edge mutations’) localized to the cell periphery, while the R173C mutant localized to the nucleus. Invasive phenotypes derived from edge substitutions were unaffected by an anti-PI3K/Akt agent but were disrupted by microtubule inhibitors. PTEN mutations exhibit distinct functional properties with regard to their subcellular localization. Further, some missense mutations (‘edge mutations’) in the phosphatase domain caused enhanced invasiveness associated with dysfunctional cytoskeletal assembly, thus suggesting it to be a potent therapeutic target.

  Study EGAS00001004753

• Analysis of the Elements Involved in the Enrichment of a Panel of Genomic Regions by Nanopore Sequencing Using Adaptive Sampling

  DNA sequencing using nanopore technologies with the affordable MinION device is useful for the identification and characterization of structural variants, long haplotypes, sequencing of repetitive regions and identification of epigenetic modifications. The main limitation of this approach is the low coverage obtained, which might be avoided by adaptive sampling, a computationally controlled method of enrichment for targeted genomic regions. This study dissects the factors involved in the enrichment by adaptive sampling of a panel of 18 human genome regions containing 20 genes implicated in breast cancer sequenced in 16 patients with familial breast cancer negative for NGS screening. An average coverage of 2.0x was obtained for the whole genome and 5.1x for selected regions. Sequencing time was the main factor improving coverage. The selection of long reads (>1 Kb) did not improve the enrichment. The length of the selected region, which in our study ranged from 126 to 565 Kb, did not play a significant role in enrichment. However, the region containing PMS2 showed significantly lower coverage, which could be explained by the high number of PMS2 pseudogenes (N = 14), which were also enriched. Our study shows new evidence of enrichment obtained by adaptive sampling in a panel of genomic regions and shows parameters, the relevance of sequencing time and the role of pseudogenes, that improve the enrichment yield with no library reloading or GPU use, data useful for a more efficient application of this procedure in future studies.

  Study EGAS00001007375

• Genetics of Mammographic Density in Ashkenazi Jews

  Mammographic density (MD) is a strong risk factor for breast cancer and is also a highly heritable trait with ~60-70% of the variance due to genetic factors, based on twin studies. MD is also higher in families with a strong history of breast cancer. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS), which focus on common genetic variants, have identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with MD. However, these SNPs explain a very small fraction of the variance of MD, suggesting many other genes are involved. Thus, the vast majority of the heritability of mammographic density remains unexplained and may be explained, at least in part, by rare variants. Ashkenazi Jewish women are a founder population; founder populations frequently have alleles affecting phenotypes which may be unique and/or extremely rare in other populations. Prior reports have identified an association between higher mammographic density and Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry. Therefore, we developed a study of mammographic density in AJ women. We combined datasets from several different cohorts including (a) the California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute (b) the Athena Breast Health Cohort and (c) the Marin Women's study. In each study, we identified women who reported AJ ancestry (determined by self-report or by genetic analysis). We identified mammograms by linking the women to the San Francisco Mammography Registry. We retrieved digital mammographic results and used software to infer volumetric density and percent volumetric density for each woman. We then performed genome-wide genotyping of the samples using the Illumina MEGA array.

  Study phs001857

• Role of Tobacco Smoke in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

  Background. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common histologically defined renal cancer. However, it is not a uniform disease and includes several genetic subtypes with different prognoses. ccRCC is also characterized by distinguished metabolic reprogramming. Tobacco smoking (TS) is an established risk factor for ccRCC with unknown effects on tumor pathobiology.Methods. We investigated the landscape of ccRCCs and paired normal kidney tissues (NKTs) using integrated transcriptomic, metabolomic and metallomic approaches in a cohort of never smokers (NS) and long-term current smokers (LTS) Caucasian males. Results. All three Omics domains consistently identified a distinct metabolic subtype of ccRCCs in LTS, characterized by activation of oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) coupled with reprogramming of the malate-aspartate shuttle and metabolism of aspartate, glutamate, glutamine and histidine. Cadmium, copper and inorganic arsenic accumulated in LTS tumors showing redistribution among intracellular pools, including relocation of copper into the cytochrome c oxidase complex. Gene expression signature based on the LTS metabolic subtype provided prognostic stratification of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) ccRCC tumors that was independent from genomic alterations.Conclusions. The work identified the TS related metabolic subtype of ccRCC with vulnerabilities that can be exploited for precision medicine approaches targeting metabolic pathways. The results provided rationale for the development of metabolic biomarkers with diagnostic and prognostic applications using evaluation of OxPhos status. The metallomic analysis revealed the role of disrupted metal homeostasis in ccRCC highlighting the importance of studying effects of metals from e-cigarettes and environmental exposures.

  Study phs002083

• The genomic landscape of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric cancer and arises from B- or T-lineage lymphocyte precursors. ALL comprises dozens of subtypes, and genomic analyses have largely been performed within these subtypes. Here we analyze pediatric ALL genomes across all subtypes, including 768 whole genomes, 1,729 exomes, and 1,889 transcriptomes in 2,754 patients. Most ALL subtypes harbor 4 or more driver alterations per sample, similar to adult cancers, despite low mutation burdens. Hyperdiploid B-ALL copy gains are likely acquired early and synchronously, with copy gains occurring before ultraviolet-induced mutations. By contrast, ultraviolet-induced mutations precede copy gains in iAMP21 B-ALL. Overall, we identified 378 putative ALL driver genes. Most driver alterations vary in prevalence across ALL subtypes, with B-ALL enriched for Ras and B-lineage-related alterations, and T-ALL enriched for PI3K, JAK, and cell cycle alterations. Most B-ALL (54.3%) and T-ALL (51.2%) samples bear at least one rare driver gene alteration (present in less than 2% of samples), including 30 putative novel cancer driver genes associated with ubiquitination, SUMOylation, non-coding, and other functions. Known or novel alterations associated with poor outcomes in specific subtypes include TBL1XR1 alterations in ETV6-RUNX1 patients, CREBBP in Ph-like-CRLF2, SETD2 in hyperdiploid, and PTEN in TAL1 patients. Intriguingly, DUX4 and KMT2A subtypes separate into CEBPA/FLT3- or NFATC4-expressing subgroups with potential clinical implications. Together, these results deepen understanding of ALL etiology and outcomes, and facilitate ALL model development.

  Study EGAS00001005250

• Massively parallel nanowell-based single-cell gene expression profiling

  Technological advances have enabled transcriptome characterization of cell types at the single-cell level providing new biological insights. New methods that enable simple yet high-throughput single-cell expression profiling are highly desirable. Here we report a novel nanowell-based single-cell RNA sequencing system, ICELL8, which enables processing of thousands of cells per sample. The system employs a 5184-nanowell-containing microchip to capture ~1300 single cells and process them. Each nanowell contains preprinted oligonucleotides encoding poly-d(T), a unique well barcode, and a unique molecular identifier. The ICELL8 system uses imaging software to identify nanowells containing viable single cells and only wells with single cells are processed into sequencing libraries. Here, we report the performance and utility of ICELL8 using samples of increasing complexity from cultured cells to mouse solid tissue samples. Our assessment of the system to discriminate between mixed human and mouse cells showed that ICELL8 has a low cell multiplet rate (< 3%) and low cross-cell contamination. We characterized single-cell transcriptomes of more than a thousand cultured human and mouse cells as well as 468 mouse pancreatic islets cells. We were able to identify distinct cell types in pancreatic islets, including alpha, beta, delta and gamma cells. Overall, ICELL8 provides efficient and cost-effective single-cell expression profiling of thousands of cells, allowing researchers to decipher single-cell transcriptomes within complex biological samples.

  Study EGAS00001002320

• DNA hypermethylation and differential gene expression associated with Klinefelter syndrome

  The molecular basis for the phenotypic traits and morbidity in Klinefelter syndrome (KS) are not clarified. As DNA methylation affect gene expression and thereby play a role in disease susceptibility, we performed genome-wide DNA methylation profiling of leucocytes from peripheral blood samples from 67 KS patients, 67 male controls and 33 female controls, in addition to genome-wide RNA-sequencing profiling in a subset of 9 KS patients, 9 control males and 13 female controls. Characterization of the methylome as well as the transcriptome of both coding and non-coding genes identified a unique epigenetic and genetic landscape of both autosomal chromosomes as well as the X chromosome in KS. A subset of genes show significant correlation between methylation values and expression values. Gene set enrichment analysis of differentially methylated positions yielded terms associated with well-known comorbidities seen in KS. In addition, differentially expressed genes revealed enrichment for genes involved in the immune system, wnt-signaling pathway and neuron development. Based on our data we point towards many new candidate genes (AKAP17A, AMOT, APOB, DACT1, DDX58, DOCK7, EIF2S3, FIGNL1, G3BP1, HENMT1, HERC5, IFI44, IFI44L, IFIT1, IFIT3, ISG15, KANK1, LGALS1, NSD1, PEX10, PLSCR1, RSAD2, SHROOM2, SLC25A6, SPEG, SPON2, TXLNG), which may be implicated in the phenotype and further point towards non-coding genes (RP13-216E22.4, RP13-36G14.4, G087825, G088512), which may be involved in X chromosome inactivation in KS and in the regulation of escape genes.

  Study EGAS00001002797

• Cisplatin increases sensitivity to FGFR inhibition in patient-derived xenograft models of lung squamous cell carcinoma

  Lung squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) is a molecularly complex and genomically unstable disease. No targeted therapy is currently approved for lung SqCC, although potential oncogenic drivers of SqCC have been identified, including amplification of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1). Reports from a recently completed clinical trial indicate low response rates in patients treated with FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, suggesting inadequacy of FGFR1 amplification as a biomarker of response, or the need for combination treatment. We aimed to develop accurate models of lung SqCC and determine improved targeted therapies for these tumors. We show that detection of FGFR1 mRNA by RNA in situ hybridisation is a better predictor of response to FGFR inhibition than FGFR1 gene amplification using clinically relevant patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of lung SqCC. FGFR1-overexpressing tumors were observed in all histological subtypes of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) as assessed on a tissue microarray, indicating a broader range of tumors that may respond to FGFR inhibitors. In FGFR1-overexpressing PDX tumors, we observed increased differentiation and reduced proliferation following FGFR inhibition. Combination therapy with cisplatin was able to increase tumor cell death, and dramatically prolonged animal survival compared to single agent treatment. Our data suggest that FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors can benefit NSCLC patients with FGFR1-overexpressing tumors and provides a rationale for clinical trials combining cisplatin with FGFR inhibitors.

  Study EGAS00001002423

• Whole Tumor spatial heterogeneity in metastatic melanoma

  Heterogeneous inter-tumoral responses, sustained periods of apparent clinical benefit despite lack of objective response to various therapies, and even spontaneous remission are well known within a subpopulation of advanced melanoma patients. The molecular and cellular dynamics facilitating long-term survival remain poorly defined, particularly in the current era ofexposure to multiple potentially active therapies. We studied an exceptional case of long-term survival in a patient with non-responding metastatic melanoma in order to characterize the clonal and microenvironmental factors.We performed immunogenomic analysis of 3 metachronous tumors, and of 67 intratumor sub-regions of one metastatic lesion, usingwhole exome sequencing, RNA-sequencing, immunohistochemistry, and T cell receptor sequencing. Longitudinal analysesidentified mutations in severalknownresistance genes affecting distinctmetastases. Intra-tumoral immune signatures revealed spatially-distinct pockets of immune activation and suppression throughout the metastasis. A specific T cell VBeta CDR3 rearrangement was identified as both dominant and recurrent not only across multiple spatial points within a single tumor mass, but also across metachronous tumors spanning the patient’s disease course. Immunophenotyping of this T cell population with single-cell sequencingsuggestedrepeatedT-cell priming events leading to the persistence of both activated and exhausted T cells bearing this same TCR-Beta at any given time.Our findings highlight genomic and immune heterogeneityin metastatic disease, extending to the intra-tumoral leveland provide a rationale for integrative spatiotemporal analysis of metastatic lesions in the context of immune checkpoint blockade.

  Study EGAS00001003292

• Characterization of HCV-specific CD4 T cells during DAA-Therapy

  Background: Chronic HCV-infection is characterized by a severe impairment of HCV-specific CD4 T cell help that is driven by chronic antigen stimulation. We aimed to study the fate of HCV-specific CD4 T cells after viral elimination. Methods: HCV-specific CD4 T cell responses were longitudinally analyzed using MHC class II tetramer-technology, multicolor flow cytometry and RNA sequencing in a cohort of chronically HCV-infected patients undergoing therapy with direct-acting antivirals. In addition, HCV-specific neutralizing antibodies and CXCL13 levels were analyzed. Results: We observed that the frequency of HCV-specific CD4 T cells increased within two weeks after initiation of DAA therapy. Multicolor flow cytometry revealed a downregulation of exhaustion and activation markers and an upregulation of memory-associated markers. While cells with a Th1 phenotype were the predominant subset at baseline, cells with phenotypic and transcriptional characteristics of follicular T helper cells increasingly shaped the circulating HCV-specific CD4 T cell repertoire, suggesting antigen-independent survival of this subset. These changes were accompanied by a decline of HCV-specific neutralizing antibodies and the germinal center activity. Conclusion: We identified a population of HCV-specific CD4 T cells with a follicular T helper cell signature that is maintained after therapy-induced elimination of persistent infection and may constitute an important target population for vaccination efforts to prevent re-infection and immunotherapeutic approaches for persistent viral infections.

  Study EGAS00001003950

• Characterizing the Role of the Immune Microenvironment in Multiple Myeloma Progression at a Single Cell Level

  The plasma cell disease multiple myeloma (MM) is highly dependent on its bone marrow microenvironment (BMME). Early alterations within the bone marrow microenvironment that contribute to the progression of multiple myeloma (MM) from its precursor stages could hold the key to identifying novel therapeutic approaches, yet the intrinsic variability in cellular populations between patients together with differences in sample processing and analysis methods have made it difficult to identify consistent changes between datasets. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing of BM cells from precursor stages, monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS), smoldering MM (SMM) and newly diagnosed MM and analyzed our data in combination with a previously published dataset that used a similar patient population and sample processing. Despite vast interpatient heterogeneity, some alterations were seen consistently in both datasets. We identified changes in immune cell populations as disease progressed that were characterized by a substantial decrease in memory and naïve CD4 T cells and an increase in CD8+ effector T cells and T-regulatory cells. These alterations were further accompanied by an enrichment of non-clonal memory B cells and an increase of CD14 and CD16 monocytes in MM compared to its precursor stages. These results provide crucial information of the immune changes associated with the progression to clinical MM and can help to develop immune based strategies for patient stratification and early therapeutic intervention. 

  Study phs002756

• MILK-Omics: Systems Biology of Human Milk and Its Links to Maternal and Infant Health

  The primary objective of the project is to generate a systems-level view of human milk in the context of healthy mothers and their term infants. The study uses biospecimens and clinical data from the Mothers and Infants LinKed for Healthy Growth Study (MILk Study), a prospective observational cohort of approximately 500 exclusively breastfeeding women and their infants who are followed to 6 months of age. The project focuses on mature milk samples collected at 1 month postpartum and infant gut microbiome samples collected at 1 and 6 months of age. Specific Aim 1 is to identify maternal genetic and clinical factors that shape human milk gene expression. Using bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing of the milk cell pellet and genotypes from maternal DNA, we will identify novel genetic determinants of the milk transcriptome and assess potential modification of these genetic associations by gestational weight gain, diet, and other clinical factors. Specific Aim 2 is to describe key features of the normative human milk biosystem and their interactions with one another. Specifically, machine learning techniques will be used to characterize interaction networks and correlational structures among the following features of human milk: transcriptomics, microbiomes, oligosaccharides, metabolomics, lipidomics, and milk macronutrient composition. Specific Aim 3 is to establish how the milk biosystem is related to variation in infant gut microbiomes and health. dbGaP will house the maternal genotype and milk transcriptomics data.The infant microbiome sequence data are associated with BioProject PRJNA1019702.

  Study phs003408

• Mutational landscape and patterns of clonal evolution in relapsed pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia

  Relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remains a leading cause of childhood death. Prior studies have shown clonal mutations at relapse often arise from relapse-fated subclones that exist at diagnosis. However, the genomic landscape, evolutionary trajectories and mutational mechanisms driving relapse are incompletely understood. In an analysis of 92 cases of relapsed childhood ALL, incorporating multimodal DNA and RNA sequencing, deep digital mutational tracking and xenografting to formally define clonal structure, we identify 50 significant targets of mutation with distinct patterns of mutational acquisition or enrichment. CREBBP, NOTCH1, and Ras signaling mutations rose from diagnosis subclones, whereas variants in NCOR2, USH2A and NT5C2 were exclusively observed at relapse. Evolutionary modeling and xenografting demonstrated that relapse-fated clones were minor (50%), major (27%) or multiclonal (18%) at diagnosis. Putative second leukemias, including those with lineage shift, were shown to most commonly represent relapse from an ancestral clone rather than a truly independent second primary leukemia. A subset of leukemias prone to repeated relapse exhibited hypermutation driven by at least three distinct mutational processes, resulting in heightened neoepitope burden and potential vulnerability to immunotherapy. Finally, relapse-driving sequence mutations were detected prior to relapse using deep digital PCR at levels comparable to orthogonal approaches to monitor levels of measurable residual disease. These results provide a genomic framework to anticipate and circumvent relapse by earlier detection and targeting of relapse-fated clones.

  Study EGAS00001003975

• CCOC WGS for the study Genomic consequences of aberrant DNA repair mechanisms stratify ovarian cancer histotypes

  For CCOC cohorts, OvCaRe cases were reviewed, including frozen material, by at least two expert gynecopathologists prior to inclusion in the sequencing cohort who provided the confirmation on final selected cohort. Frozen H&E from Tokyo were also used for evaluation along with representative H&E photos and review done at the Jikei School of Medicine. All CCOC tumours are primary tumour samples. Library construction and sequencing Frozen specimens with >50% tumour cellularity (based on initial slide review) were used for cryosectioning and subsequent nucleic acid extraction. Patient tumour and normal blood samples derived from primary, untreated fresh frozen tumour specimens harvested at diagnosis during standard of care debulking surgery. Germline DNA was provided from peripheral blood buffy coat on all specimens except 13 from Tokyo, where non-cancer frozen tissue was used as a germline source. DNA extraction from both matched normal (blood) and tumour samples (frozen tissue) were performed using the QIAamp Blood and Tissue DNA kit (Qiagen) and quantified using a Qbit fluorometer and reagents (high-sensitivity assay). Three lanes of Illumina HiSeq 2500 v4 chemistry for normal samples and five lanes for tumour samples were obtained. The PCR-free protocol was adopted to eliminate the PCR-induced bias and improve coverage across the genome.

  Dataset EGAD00001003265

• GCT WGS for the study Genomic consequences of aberrant DNA repair mechanisms stratify ovarian cancer histotypes

  For GCT cohorts, OvCaRe cases were reviewed, including frozen material, by at least two expert gynecopathologists prior to inclusion in the sequencing cohort who provided the confirmation on final selected cohort. Frozen H&E from Tokyo were also used for evaluation along with representative H&E photos and review done at the Jikei School of Medicine. All GCT tumours are primary tumour samples. Library construction and sequencing Frozen specimens with >50% tumour cellularity (based on initial slide review) were used for cryosectioning and subsequent nucleic acid extraction. Patient tumour and normal blood samples derived from primary, untreated fresh frozen tumour specimens harvested at diagnosis during standard of care debulking surgery. Germline DNA was provided from peripheral blood buffy coat on all specimens except 13 from Tokyo, where non-cancer frozen tissue was used as a germline source. DNA extraction from both matched normal (blood) and tumour samples (frozen tissue) were performed using the QIAamp Blood and Tissue DNA kit (Qiagen) and quantified using a Qbit fluorometer and reagents (high-sensitivity assay). Three lanes of Illumina HiSeq 2500 v4 chemistry for normal samples and five lanes for tumour samples were obtained. The PCR-free protocol was adopted to eliminate the PCR-induced bias and improve coverage across the genome.

  Dataset EGAD00001003267

• Characterization of mutational signatures in human cancer cell lines reveals episodic APOBEC mutagenesis

  Multiple signatures of somatic mutations have been identified in human cancer genomes. To investigate whether mutational signatures continue to be generated, and if so their temporal patterns of activity, subsets of cell lines were cultured in vitro for extended periods and subjected to single cell cloning and whole genome or exome sequencing or directly to single cell whole genome sequencing. As expected, signatures of past exogenous exposures, such as tobacco smoke and ultraviolet light, were not generated in vitro. In contrast, signatures of normal and defective DNA repair and replication continued to be generated at essentially constant mutation rates. Signatures of APOBEC cytidine deaminase DNA-editing activity exhibited a distinctive pattern with substantial fluctuations in mutation rate over time and episodic bursts of mutations. The initiating factors for these bursts are unclear although retrotransposon mobilisation may play a role. This cell line set now constitutes a comprehensive resource of live experimental models of mutational processes of both known and unknown aetiologies potentially retaining the patterns of activity and regulatory influences operative in human cells in vivo.

  Dataset EGAD00001004201

• May 2021 data update (fastq) for reference epigenomes generated at Centre for Epigenome Mapping Technologies, Genome Sciences Center, B.C. Cancer Agency as part of the International Human Epigenome Consortium.

  May 2021 data update (fastq) for reference epigenomes generated at Centre for Epigenome Mapping Technologies (Canadian Epigenetics, Environment and Health Research Consortium), Genome Sciences Center, B.C. Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada as part of the International Human Epigenome Consortium.

  Dataset EGAD00001008100

• Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma case report

  Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a mesenchymal malignancy phenocopying muscle and is among the leading causes of death from childhood cancer. Metastatic alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is the most aggressive subtype with an 8% five-year disease-free survival rate when a chromosomal fusion is present, and 40% five-year disease-free survival rate when negative for a fusion event. The underlying biology of PAX-fusion negative alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma remains largely unexplored and is exceedingly rare in Li-Fraumeni syndrome patients. Here, we present the case of an 11-year old male with fusion-negative alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma studied at end of life with a comprehensive functional genomics characterization, resulting in identification of potential therapeutic targets for broader investigation.

  Study EGAS00001004828

• Understanding_the_multicellular_dynamics_of_clear_cell_renal_cell_carcinoma___visium

  This study will reconstruct the single cellular phylogeny of tumour and immune cells in relation to both genomic, functional, and spatial location. 20 tumours in total will be studied, including non-progressing small renal masses, progressing small renal masses, relatively indolent larger tumours, and high risk tumour with metastatic sampling. We aim to: Generate a focused, comprehensive phylogenetic characterisation of tumour cells Understand the dependencies of the cancer genome, transcriptome, tissue architecture and the single cellular micro-environment Quantify the single cellular composition and functional intra- and inter- tumoural heterogeneity Determine the phylogeny of tumour associated lymphocytes and their relationship to neo-epitopes and the immune microenvironment Investigate the mechanisms by which the tumour-normal interface constrains tumoural growth.

  Study EGAS00001006045

• Epiclomal: probabilistic clustering of sparse single-cell DNA methylation data

  We present Epiclomal, a probabilistic clustering method arising from a hierarchical mixture model to simultaneously cluster sparse single-cell DNA methylation data and infer their corresponding hidden methylation profiles. Using synthetic and published single-cell CpG datasets we show that Epiclomal outperforms non-probabilistic methods and is able to handle the inherent missing data feature which dominates single-cell CpG genome sequences. Using a recently published single-cell 5mCpG sequencing method (PBAL), we show that Epiclomal discovers sub-clonal patterns of methylation in aneuploid tumour genomes, thus defining epiclones. We show that epiclones may transcend copy number determined clonal lineages, thus opening this important form of clonal analysis in cancer.

  Study EGAS00001003504

• A whole genome analysis of single fetal human stem cells from the liver and the intestine

  Mutations of embryonic and fetal origin have the potential to affect a large proportion of adult cells and may alter cancer predisposition or lead to genetic disease syndromes. We have recently shown that human adult-stem cells progressively acquire approximately 40 novel tissue-specific mutations per year throughout postnatal life. Prenatal mutation rates are as yet unknown. Here we determined genome-wide mutation patterns of single stem cells in human development by sequencing of clonally expanded intestinal and liver organoid cultures of 2nd trimester human foetuses. Our results show that mutation rates in fetal stem cells are significantly higher than in adult stem cells.

  Study EGAS00001002886

• CRC Promoter capture Hi-C

  Genome organisation determines chromosome interactions between regulatory elements, such as promoters and enhancers, influencing gene expression. Despite the fact that it is possible to assess whether a gene is actively transcribed, it has been challenging to point out the genomic regions that are involved in the regulation of a particular gene. We are interested in better understanding the interactions between promoters and their regulatory elements in colorectal cancer in order to unveil novel non-coding regions which might have a role in tumour development. To do so, we utilise the HiC method complemented with promoter capture in combination with NGS to map promoter interactions in two CRC cell lines, representing two distinct CRC subtypes.

  Study EGAS00001001946

• Genomic profiling of ovarian adult type granulosa cell tumors

  To investigate the genomic landscape of primary and recurrent ovarian adult type granulosa cell tumors, we first identified an exploratory cohort comprised of cryopreserved surgical biopsies from 24 patients (primary, n = 8; recurrent, n = 16) with 20 having matched normal tissue or peripheral blood samples. We performed whole exome sequencing (WES) on these tumor samples at 200X target coverage (mean 226; range 165-296) and also performed WES on the available normal samples. In addition, we performed cancer gene panel sequencing using the T200.1 hybrid capture platform on FFPE tissue from 55 additional patients (primary, n = 27; recurrent, n = 28), of which we sequenced matched normal tissue for a total of 44.

  Study EGAS00001002833

• Mutational landscape of eccrine porocarcinoma (sweat gland tumour)

  Eccrine porocarcinoma (EP) is the most common form of sweat gland malignancy. The aetiology of EP is largely unknown. The current lack of data on somatic mutation patterns in EP hampers the development of effective therapies. We performed whole-exome sequencing in a well-characterized sample of 14 matched EP tumour/healthy surrounding tissue samples. Mutational profiling revealed a high overall median mutation rate. This was attributed to signatures of mutational processes related to ultraviolet (UV) exposure, APOBEC enzyme dysregulation, and defective homologous double-strand break repair. All of these processes cause genomic instability and are implicated in carcinogenesis. The analyses revealed alterations in the cancer driver genes and in crucial oncogenic pathways.

  Study EGAS00001004632

• hereditary BrEAst Case CONtrol study

  The BEACCON study aimed to address the lack of power of previous studies to identify novel BC predisposition genes by performing extensive sequencing in 12,000 women (11,511 analysed following exclusions) and further enhancing power by using an ‘extreme phenotype’ design with enrichment of familial non-BRCA1 and BRCA2 cases, compared with a control population of older women with ongoing confirmation of cancer-free status at June 2019. Three-quarters of the 1303 candidate genes screened were selected based on empiric evidence from local (69 multi-case BC families) or international whole exome sequencing studies, and the remainder were included to provide detailed coverage of functional pathways with established associations with BC

  Study EGAS00001005043

• CAGE analysis for non-small cell lung carcinoma

  Targeted therapies based on the molecular and histological features of cancer types are becoming standard practice. The most effective regimen in lung cancers is different between squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AD). Therefore a precise diagnosis is crucial, but this has been difficult, particularly for poorly differentiated SCC (PDSCC) and AD without a lepidic growth component (non-lepidic AD). Biomarkers enabling a precise diagnosis are therefore urgently needed.To achieve this goal, we performed CAGE (Cap Analysis of Gene Expression) to quantify promoter activities on 97 frozen tissues from surgically resected lung cancers (22 SCC and 75 AD). The result was followed up by by immunohistochemical analysis (IHC) in an independent group.

  Study JGAS000070

• Neoadjuvant chemotherapy alters the genomic landscape and immune microenvironment of breast cancers

  To characterize the effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) on the genome, transcriptome and tumor infiltrating leukocytes (TILs), we have conducted whole exome and whole transcriptome sequencing of a comprehensive, longitudinal breast cancer cohort consisting of 146 cases and 281 paired tumor samples. In total, 52 (38%) patients achieved pathologic complete response (pCR) while 85 patients (62%) had residual disease with standard chemotherapy regimen. Tumor biopsies were collected for each patient at three time points – pre-treatment, three weeks after the first cycle of anthracycline and cyclophosphamide (AC) and at the time of surgery after 3 more cycles of AC followed by 4 cycles of taxane or taxane plus Herceptin in case of HER2+ subtype.

  Study EGAS00001003354

• Multi-layered molecular characterization defines prognostic subtypes of lung adenocarcinoma in Asian never-smokers

  Multi-layered genomic studies such as the TCGA project have greatly advanced our understanding on molecular pathogenesis of lung cancer. For Asian nonsmoker patients, however, majority of studies have been limited to mutational analyses, emphasizing ethnic differences in driver mutations (e.g. more frequent EGFR mutations and ALK fusions). In essence, a comprehensive multi-layered characterization that could lead to molecular etiology and patient stratification scheme to be translated into clinical applications for this patient group is still missing. Here we report molecular profiling of tumor and matched normal tissues from 114 non-small-cell lung adenocarcinoma patients using whole exome sequencing, transcriptome sequencing, and array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH).

  Study EGAS00001003705

• The Genomics of Pilocytic Astrocytoma Formation in Neurofibromatosis Type 1

  Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) inherited cancer predisposition syndrome is one of the most common autosomal dominant tumor predisposition syndromes in which affected individuals develop brain tumors. These low-grade glial neoplasms (pilocytic astrocytomas) typically arise in children younger than 7 years of age and are hypothesized to result from a combination of germline and acquired somatic NF1 tumor suppressor gene mutations. In this study, whole genome sequence analysis was performed on three NF1-associated pilocytic astrocytoma tumors (NF1-PA) and matched normal blood samples to establish the genomic landscape of NF1-PA. These data support the existence of multiple distinct mechanisms (mutation, LOH, and methylation) underlying somatic NF1 inactivation in NF1-PA tumors.

  Study phs000563

• Genomic Landscape of High-Grade Neuroendocrine Neoplasms

  This project is a multi-omics study of high grade (grade 3) neuroendocrine neoplasms across diverse organs. Genomic analysis using low-pass whole genome sequencing for copy number analysis, whole exome sequencing and whole transcriptomic sequencing using RNAseq were performed. As high grade neuroendocrine neoplasms are highly lethal with a median survival of approximately 7 months, new insights are urgently needed for better prognosis, diagnosis and management. This study focuses on gene and pathway discoveries in this cancer, and includes samples from a diverse set of organs, including the lungs, gastroenteropancreatic tract, breast, prostate, head and neck and bladder. This study was made possible by a generous donation from The Helen B. Rodde Fund.

  Study phs002070

• Selenium Chemoprevention: Benefits and Harms

  Selenium is a trace element that may have anti-carcinogenetic effect, but heterogenous treatment effects have been observed. This genome-wide association study investigates if genetic variation modifies the effect of selenium chemoprevention in the Selenium and Celecoxib Trial, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted at the University of Arizona Cancer Center. The objective of the clinical trial was to determine whether daily intake of 200 µg/d of selenium as a supplement could reduce the risk for developing metachronous colorectal adenomas. The study participants were recruited between 2001 and 2011. Genome-wide association study was performed for 1,323 study participants who provided blood sample at the time of study entry.

  Study phs002283

• Whole Exome Sequencing Analysis of Carfilzomib-Related Cardiotoxicity in Multiple Myeloma Patients

  This study investigated the contribution of germline genetic variants in protein-coding genes in carfilzomib-related cardiovascular adverse events among patients with multiple myeloma using whole-exome sequencing (WES) analysis. We analyzed 247 patients with multiple myeloma who had been treated with carfilzomib at the Moffitt Cancer Center. We identified a missense mutation in the TMSB10/TRABD2A locus that appeared to be associated with a higher risk for cardiovascular adverse events in these patients. In this submission, we will provide all the genotype data along with the phenotype data of whether or not a patient developed cardiovascular adverse events after carfilzomib treatment and all the covariates used in this analysis.

  Study phs003308

• Extreme phenotypes define epigenetic and metabolic signatures in cardiovascular diseases

  Improving the understanding of cardiometabolic syndrome pathophysiology and its relationship with thrombosis are ongoing healthcare challenges. Using plasma biomarkers analysis coupled with the transcriptional and epigenetic characterisation of cell types involved in thrombosis, obtained from two extreme phenotype groups (obese and lipodystrophy) and comparing these to lean individuals and blood donors, the present study identifies the molecular mechanisms at play, highlighting patterns of abnormal activation in innate immune phagocytic cells and shows that extreme phenotype groups could be distinguished from lean individuals, and from each other, across all data layers. The characterisation of the same obese group, six months after bariatric surgery shows the loss of the patterns of abnormal activation of innate immune cells previously observed. However, rather than reverting to the gene expression landscape of lean individuals, this occurs via the establishment of novel gene expression landscapes. Netosis and its control mechanisms emerge amongst the pathways that show an improvement after surgical intervention. Taken together, by integrating across data layers, the observed molecular and metabolic differences form a disease signature that is able to discriminate, amongst the blood donors, those individuals with a higher likelihood of having cardiometabolic syndrome, even when not presenting with the classic features.

  Dataset EGAD00001005197

• Evolution and clinical impact of genetic epistasis within EGFR-mutant lung cancers: multi-timepoint exome sequencing of a single patient's disease

  This dataset is a time-series of EGFR-mutant NSCLC clinical specimens from an individual patient profiled using tumor-based whole exome sequencing and the data is in BAM format. DNA was extracted from FFPE for primary tumor and frozen tumor tissue samples and matched non-tumor tissue using the Qiagen Allprep DNA/RNA Mini Kit.  The library preparation protocol was based on the Agilent SureSelect Library Prep and Capture System. DNA was resuspended in a low TE buffer and sheared (Duty Cycle 5%; Intensity 175; Cycles/Burst: 200; Time: 300s, Corvaris S2 Utrasonicator).  Bar-coded exome libraries were prepared using the Agilent Sure Select V5 library kit per manfucaturer’s specifications. The libraries were run on the HiSeq2500. Raw paired end reads (100bp) in FastQ format generated by the Illumina pipeline were aligned to the full hg19 genomic assembly obtained from USCS, gencode 14, using bwa version 0.7.12. Picard tools version 1.117 was used to sort, remove duplicate reads and generate QC statistics. Tumor DNA was sequenced to median depth of 303X (range 114.39-383.41) and the matched germline DNA to average depth of 231.65.

  Dataset EGAD00001003769

• Characterisation of the genetic landscape of cutaneous leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma - Leiomyoma WES

  Cutaneous leiomyoma (cLM) and leiomyosarcoma (cLMS) are rare benign and malignant soft tissue neoplasms showing smooth muscle differentiation, respectively, that arise from mesenchymal cells in the dermis and subcutis. Through whole exome sequencing of cLM and cLMS cases, we observed distinct differences between the somatic mutational profile of these tumour types. FH was identified as a driver gene in cLM with genetic alterations of FH occurring via somatic point mutation, somatic copy number loss, biallelic inactivation and germline point mutations. TP53 and RB1 were identified as driver genes in the cLMS cohort, with genetic alterations of TP53 occurring via somatic and germline point mutations, copy number loss and biallelic inactivation. Using RNA-sequencing, we identified recurrent gene fusions, including CRTC1/3-MAML2 in cLMS and a novel MYLK-MAP3K2 fusion. Analysis of the cell types present in the tumour microenvironment revealed a significantly increased presence of macrophages and decreased presence of myeloid dendritic cells in the cLMS cohort relative to the cLM cohort. Additionally, we identified common driver genes between cLMS and LMS from other sites. Thus, we provide the first in-depth profile of the genetic landscape of cLM and cLMS.

  Dataset EGAD00001014787

• Characterisation of the genetic landscape of cutaneous leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma - Leiomyosarcoma WES

  Cutaneous leiomyoma (cLM) and leiomyosarcoma (cLMS) are rare benign and malignant soft tissue neoplasms showing smooth muscle differentiation, respectively, that arise from mesenchymal cells in the dermis and subcutis. Through whole exome sequencing of cLM and cLMS cases, we observed distinct differences between the somatic mutational profile of these tumour types. FH was identified as a driver gene in cLM with genetic alterations of FH occurring via somatic point mutation, somatic copy number loss, biallelic inactivation and germline point mutations. TP53 and RB1 were identified as driver genes in the cLMS cohort, with genetic alterations of TP53 occurring via somatic and germline point mutations, copy number loss and biallelic inactivation. Using RNA-sequencing, we identified recurrent gene fusions, including CRTC1/3-MAML2 in cLMS and a novel MYLK-MAP3K2 fusion. Analysis of the cell types present in the tumour microenvironment revealed a significantly increased presence of macrophages and decreased presence of myeloid dendritic cells in the cLMS cohort relative to the cLM cohort. Additionally, we identified common driver genes between cLMS and LMS from other sites. Thus, we provide the first in-depth profile of the genetic landscape of cLM and cLMS.

  Dataset EGAD00001014789

• Gene Expression in an African American Schizophrenia Dataset

  Schizophrenia is a common and severe psychotic disorder. While some common SNPs and rare copy number variants have been identified as being significantly associated with disease risk, the biological mechanisms remain largely undefined. To identify gene expression abnormalities in schizophrenia, we generated whole-genome gene expression profiles using RNAseq on lymphoblastoid cell lines from schizophrenia cases and controls of African American ancestry. Genes related to immune processes were enriched in the genes differentially expressed in the schizophrenia cases. Approximately half of the differentially expressed genes in this African American dataset were also differentially expressed by affection status in our previously studied European ancestry dataset (PMID: 28418402).

  Study phs002842

• Genomics-based personalized oncology in cancer of unknown primary (CUP, project H021)

  To perform a comprehensive genomic characterization of 70 patients suffering from cancer of unknown primary (CUP) we used whole-exome, whole-genome, transcriptome and methylome analysis. We detected a substantial mutational heterogeneity with genes most commonly affected by SNVs, indels and fusions being TP53, TTN, MUC16, ABCA13, COL6A3, KRAS, LRP1B, XIRP2 and CSMD3. The most common fusion involved FGFR2, the most common focal deletion affected CDKN2A. A molecular tumor board recommended genomics-based therapies in 56/70 (80%) patients which were applied in 20/56 (35.7%) cases. Entity predictions based on transcriptome and methylome data could be made in up to 62/70 (88.6%) cases but were conclusive in only 16/48 (33.3%) cases. Germline analysis revealed 6 (likely) pathogenic mutations in 5 patients. Recommended therapies translated into a mean PFS2/1 ratio of 3.61 (median=2.25) with a median PFS1 of 89 days (n=17) compared to a median PFS2 of 182.5 days (n=20). Our data emphasize the clinical benefit of comprehensive genetic approaches in diagnostic and therapeutic management and underline the need for innovative, mechanism-based clinical trials in this heterogeneous group of diseases.

  Study EGAS00001004786

• Integrative_genome_profiling_in_AML

  AML emerges as a consequence of accumulating independent genetic aberrations that direct regulation and/or dysfunction of genes resulting in aberrant activation of signalling pathways, resistance to apoptosis and uncontrolled proliferation. Given the significant heterogeneity of AML genomes, AML patients demonstrate a highly variable response rate and poor median survival in response to current chemotherapy regimens. For the past 4 years we have conducted gene expression profiling on purified bone marrow populations equating to normal haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from healthy subjects and patients with de novo AML in order to identify AML signatures of aberrantly expressed genes in cancer versus normal. We are now applying a series of bioinformatic methodologies combined with clinical and conventional diagnostic data to establish novel genomics strategies for improved prognostication of AML. Additionally, we use our AML signatures to unravel oncogenic signalling pathway activities in AML patients and test inhibitory drugs for these pathways inn preclinical therapeutic programmes. We consider that superimposing GEP and clinical data for our AML patient cohort with additional data on their mutational status will significantly improve the prognostic power of the study as well as unravel yet unknown mutations associated with aberrant signalling activities of oncogenic pathways.

  Study EGAS00001000858

• Cell-free DNA analysis reveals POLR1D-mediated resistance to bevacizumab in colorectal cancer

  Bevacizumab is an approved anti-angiogenic drug for patients with metastasized colorectal cancer (mCRC) targeting VEGF. The survival benefit of anti-VEGF therapy in mCRC patients is limited to a few months and acquired resistance mechanisms are greatly unknown. Using plasma DNA, we studied the evolution of tumor genomes in a cohort of patients with mCRC (n=150) and observed a recurrent focal amplification (8.7% of cases) on chromosome 13q12.2. Analysis of TCGA data (n=619) suggested an association with later stages, which we confirmed by longitudinal plasma analyses. We defined the minimally amplified region and studied the mechanistic consequences of copy number gain of the involved genes. The amplification of one gene, POLR1D, impacted cell proliferation, resulting in upregulation of VEGFA, an important regulator of angiogenesis which has been implicated in the resistance to bevacizumab. In several patients, we observed the emergence of this 13q12.2 amplicon under bevacizumab treatment, which was invariably associated with evolution of therapy resistance. Hence, we describe a novel resistance mechanism against a widely applied treatment in mCRC patients which will impact clinical management

  Study EGAS00001003791

• Circulating tumor cells Exome sequencing from breast cancer

  Single cell technologies allow interrogating the extent of tumor heterogeneity, providing novel insights into tumor evolution and treatment resistance mechanisms. Here, we investigated the level of genetic heterogeneity among circulating tumor cells (CTCs) at the single nucleotide variation and copy number aberration (CNA) levels and compared it to synchronous matched primary tumor/metastatic lesion from 3 metastatic breast cancer patients with triple-negative (TNBC), HER2-positive (HER2+) and estrogen-receptor-positive (ER+) tumors. Whole exome sequencing was performed on 3 synchronous bulk tumor tissue and 21 single/pooled CTC samples. When comparing bulk tissue with CTCs from the same patient, we found similar CNA profiles and the same patient-specific driver mutations for the HER2+ and TNBC tumors. Different CNA profiles and driver mutations were found for the ER+ tumor, with two distinct clones being identified in the CTCs, one harboring an activating ESR1 mutation, the other one bearing a TP53 mutation. These data suggest that tumor tissue and CTCs provide in a subset of patients complementary clinically relevant information to map tumor heterogeneity and monitor tumor evolution. Further validation is needed.

  Study EGAS00001005228

• Molecular Determinants of Esophageal Cancer in Tanzania

  We describe the genomic profiles of 61 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cases from Tanzania and compare them to profiles from an existing cohort of ESCC cases from Malawi. We also provide a comparison to ESCC tumors in The Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA). Despite a high burden of ESCC in Eastern Africa, investigations into the genomics in this region are nascent. This represents the largest comprehensive genomic analysis of ESCC from sub-Saharan Africa to date. We observed substantial transcriptional overlap with other squamous histologies via comparison with TCGA PanCan dataset. DNA analysis revealed known mutational patterns, both genome-wide as well as in genes known to be commonly mutated in ESCC. TP53 mutations were the most common somatic mutation in tumors from both Tanzania and Malawi but were detected at lower frequencies than previously reported in ESCC cases from other settings. In a combined analysis, two unique transcriptional clusters were identified: a proliferative/epithelial cluster and an invasive/migrative/mesenchymal cluster. Mutational signature analysis of the Tanzanian cohort revealed common signatures associated with aging and cytidine deaminase activity and an absence of signature 29, which was previously reported in the Malawi cohort.

  Study phs003217

• Genomic analysis of patient-derived xenograft models reveals intratumor-heterogeneity in endometrial cancer and can predict tumor growth inhibition with talazoparib

  Background: Endometrial cancer (EC) is a major gynecological cancer with increasing incidence. It comprised of four molecular subtypes with differing etiology, prognoses, and response to chemotherapy. In the future, clinical trials testing new single agents or combination therapies will be targeted to the molecular subtype most likely to respond. Pre-clinical models that faithfully represent the molecular subtypes of EC are urgently needed, we sought to develop and characterize a panel of novel EC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Methods: Here, we report whole exome or whole genome sequencing of 11 PDX models and the matched primary tumor. Analysis of multiple PDX lineages and passages was performed to study tumor heterogeneity across lineages and/or passages. Based on recent reports of frequent defects in the homologous recombination (HR) pathway in EC, we assessed mutational signatures and HR deficiency scores and correlated these with in vivo responses to the PARP inhibitor (PARPi) talazoparib in six PDXs representing the copy number high/p53-mutant and mismatch-repair deficient molecular subtypes of EC. Results: PDX models were successfully generated with similar histomorphology from all four molecular subtypes of EC and uterine carcinosarcomas. We also observed a wide range of inter-tumor and intra-tumor heterogeneity across different PDX lineages, however one arm of most PDX models recapitulated the molecular landscape of the primary tumor without major genomic drift. An in vivo response to talazoparib was detected in four copy number high models. Two models (carcinosarcomas) showed a response consistent with stable disease and two models (one copy number high serous EC and another carcinosarcoma) showed significant tumor growth inhibition, albeit one consistent with progressive disease, however all lacked the HR deficiency genomic signature. Conclusions: EC PDX models represent the four molecular subtypes of disease and can capture intra-tumoral heterogeneity of the original primary tumor. PDXs of the copy number high molecular subtype showed sensitivity to PARPi, however, deeper and more durable responses will likely require combination of PARPi with other agents.

  Study EGAS00001004666

• Myelodysplastic Syndrome Follow Up Series

  Agilent whole exome hybridisation capture was performed on genomic DNA derived from MDS and matched normal DNA from the same patients. Next Generation sequencing performed on the resulting exome libraries and mapped to build 37 of the human reference genome to facilitate the identification of novel cancer genes. Now we aim to discover the prevalence of our findings using bespoke pulldown methods and sequencing the products from a larger set of patient DNA.

  Dataset EGAD00001000283

• Melanoma-Til Study RNAseq

  In this study, mutations present in a series of human melanomas (stage IV disease) will be determined, using autologous blood cells to obtain a reference genome. From each of the samples that are analyzed, tumour-infiltrating T lymphocytes have also been isolated. This offers a unique opportunity to determine which (fraction of) mutations in human cancer leads to epitopes that are recognized by T cells. The resulting information is likely to be of value to understand how T cell activating drugs exert their action.

  Dataset EGAD00001000325