3735 results for "*oma"

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• intratumor heterogeneity in colorectal adenoma and carcinoma

  To investigate intratumor heterogeneity in precancerous lesions of colorectal cancers (PCRCs), we performed whole-exome sequencing of 53 tumor and 10 matched-normal samples from 10 laterally spreading tumors in the colon and rectum, which were histologically diagnosed as adenoma with/without adenocarcinoma.

  Study JGAS000092

• Comprehensive molecular and clinicopathological profiling of lung adenocarcinoma in Japanese never or light smokers

  Studies have yet to characterize the differences in molecular profiles of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) among divergent ethnic groups. Herein, we conducted comprehensive molecular profiling of LUAD in never or light smokers from Asia in order to discover novel targetable mutations and prognostic biomarkers of this distinct disease entity. Methods: We analyzed 996 cases of Asian LUAD, and performed whole-exome sequencing and/or RNA-seq in 125 cases of Asian LUAD negative for the driver oncogenes defined by conventional laboratory testing. We also investigated the clinical and pathological characteristics among the 996 cases. Results: Driver oncogenes were identified in 88 cases (70.4%) with specific hotspot mutations differing from those in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) study. Clustering based on mRNA expression profiles, but not genetic mutational ones, could predict patient prognosis. The risk score generated by the expression of a three-gene set was a strong prognostic marker for overall survival and progression-free survival in our cohort, and was further validated using TCGA cohort. Among the 996 cases, each driver alteration is distributed across all histological subtypes. Adenocarcinoma in situ was identified to harbor driver mutations, suggesting that these alterations are early events in the pathogenesis of LUAD. This study indicates the value of applying gene expression profiling for predicting the prognosis after a surgical operation, and that the identification of actionable mutations is important for optimizing targeted drugs in Japanese LUAD.

  Study JGAS000215

• DNA methylation at HBV integrants and flanking host genomes

  Integration of DNA viruses into the human genome plays an important role in various types of tumors, including hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the molecular details and clinical impact of HBV integration on either the human or HBV epigenomes are unknown. Here, we show that methylation of the integrated HBV DNA is related to the methylation status of the flanking human genome. We developed a next-generation sequencing-based method for structural methylation analysis of integrated viral genomes (denoted G-NaVI). This method is a novel approach that enables enrichment of viral fragments for sequencing using unique baits based on the sequence of the HBV genome. We detected integrated HBV sequences in the genome of the PLC/PRF/5 cell line and found variable levels of methylation within the integrated HBV genomes. Allele-specific methylation analysis revealed that the HBV genome often became significantly methylated when integrated into highly methylated host sites. After integration into unmethylated human genome regions such as promoters, however, the HBV DNA remains unmethylated and may eventually play an important role in tumorigenesis. The observed dynamic changes in DNA methylation of the host and viral genomes may functionally affect the biological behavior of HBV. These findings may impact public health given that millions of people worldwide are carriers of HBV. We also believe our assay will be a powerful tool to increase our understanding of the various types of DNA virus-associated tumorigenesis.

  Study JGAS000015

• Genomic DNA analysis for malignant mesothelioma from the patients of Japan and USA.

  Malignant mesotheliomas (MMs) are highly aggressive adult malignancies and exposure to asbestos is the major factor involved in MM pathogenesis. It is desirable for a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of MM will lead to more specific and effective targeted therapies. In addition it is reported that germline mutation in a specific gene (ex. BAP1) associates familial MMs, and new candidate markers to determine a subject?s predisposition to MM and for early detection need to be identified. Analysis of genomic DNA from MM tumors and reference peripheral blood from Japan and USA are ongoing to find the common genomic characters beyond race.

  Study JGAS000108

• Whole exome sequencing and RNA sequencing of cervical cancer

  We designed this study to identify molecular markers involved in the development and prognosis of cervical adenocarcinoma. In this study, we would like to elucidate the molecular biological characteristics of cervical adenocarcinoma in relation to the carcinogenesis of other cervical cancers (squamous cell carcinoma), vaginal and vulvar cancers. In addition, some squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix develop at a young age and have a poor prognosis. Furthermore, small cell carcinoma of the cervix also progresses rapidly and has a poor prognosis, making the establishment of diagnostic and therapeutic methods an urgent task.

  Study JGAS000582

• Whole Genome Sequencing Analysis of Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma

  In this study, we have performed the whole genome sequencing (WGS) for primary tumors from adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) to identify recurrent genetic mutations and structural variants.

  Study JGAS000320

• Genome-wide copy number analysis of neuroblastoma

  Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood. Despite the improvement of risk-stratified therapies, overall survival rate of high-risk group is still as low as 40-50%. To investigate genome-wide copy number profiles of neuroblastoma, we performed SNP array analysis and PCR-based amplicon deep sequencing of neuroblastoma-related genes in 522 neuroblastoma samples.

  Study JGAS000046

• Establishment of an integrated database for clinical and genomic data in cancer

  In this study, to clarify the genomic varieties of MM in Asian population, we planned to investigate the genomic features in Japanese population, represented as an Asian cohort, and preformed the comprehensive genomic analysis of MM cells with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) by means of targeted capture sequencing (TCS) method. In our TCS assay, MM cells are subjected to the detection of following genomic abnormalities; IG rearrangements, IG associated translocations, CNAs, and somatic mutations from 340 genes related to the pathogenesis and therapeutic agent of MM.

  Study JGAS000206

• Development of cell lines and mouse models of bone and soft tissue sarcoma to establish novel treatment

  Malignant giant-cell tumors are extremely rare bone sarcomas that transform from conventional giant-cell tumors during long periods of treatment. We have applied the culture methods and succeeded in establishing patient-derived organoids (PDO) of rare sarcomas. This study aimed to investigate the genomic characteristics of our established novel organoids from human malignant giant-cell tumors. The developed tumors with xenograft were genomically analyzed to compare their characteristics with those of the original tumors. Genetic changes over time throughout treatment were analyzed, and the genomic status of the established organoid was confirmed. Next generation sequencing revealed that the established organoids lacked the H3-3A G34W mutation. The xenografted organoids of the malignant giant-cell tumor had phenotypes genetically similar to those of the original tumor. The established organoids were confirmed to be derived from human malignant giant-cell tumors. In summary, the present study demonstrated a novel organoid model of a malignant giant-cell tumor that was genetically confirmed to be a malignant transformed tumor. Our organoid model could be used to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of a malignant giant-cell tumor and develop novel treatment modalities.

  Study JGAS000618

• Genome and gene analysis of gastrointestinal cancer and elucidation of its clinicopathological significance

  <html>Cancer develops through the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic aberrations. To identify sequential molecular alterations that occur during the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we molecularly compared 52 early and 108 overt HCC samples by genome sequencing. Gene mutations in the p53/RB1 pathway, WNT pathway, <i>MLLs</i>, SWI/SNF complexes, and AKT/PI3K pathway were common in HCC. In the early phase of all entities,<i> TERT</i> was the most frequently upregulated gene owing to diverse mechanisms. Despite frequent somatic mutations in driver genes, including <i>CTNNB1</i> and <i>TP53</i>, early HCC was a separate molecular entity from overt HCC as each had a distinct expression profile. Notably, WNT target genes were not activated in early HCC, regardless of <i>CTNNB1</i> mutation status, because ?-catenin did not translocate into the nucleus due to the E-Cadherin/?-catenin complex at the membrane. Conversely, WNT targets were definitively upregulated in overt HCC with <i>CTNNB1</i> mutation associated with downregulation of <i>CDH1</i> and hypomethylation of CpG islands in the target genes. Similarly, cell cycle genes downstream of the p53/RB pathway were upregulated only in overt HCC with <i>TP53</i> and/or <i>RB1</i> gene mutations associated with chromosomal deletion of 4q and/or 16q. Differing from the expression profile, HCC was epigenetically distinguished into four subclasses: normal-like methylation, global-hypomethylation (favorable prognosis), stem-like methylation (poor prognosis), and CpG island methylation. These methylation statuses were globally maintained through HCC progression. Taken together, additional molecular events besides driver gene mutations cooperatively contribute to transcriptional activation of downstream targets as HCC progresses, according to the methylation status of the associated genes.</html>

  Study JGAS000233

• Exploratory novel biomarker and resistance mechanism of milademetan, an MDM2 inhibitor, in MDM2 amplified intimal sarcoma from an open-label phase 1b/2 trial ���NCCH1806/MK004���

  Amplified Murine double minute 2 (MDM2) is found in > 70% of intimal sarcoma, known as one of the ultra-rare sarcomas. Milademetan (DS3032, RAIN-32) is a novel, specific, small-molecule MDM2 inhibitor that disrupts MDM2 and the tumor suppressor protein p53 interactions in tumor cells. We conducted a phase 1b/2 trial (Trial registration No: JMA-IIA00402) in patients with amplified MDM2 wild-type TP53 intimal sarcoma as a sub-study under the nationwide large registry for rare cancers in Japan (MASTERKEY Project). Eleven patients were enrolled, and ten were included in the efficacy analysis. Two (20%) patients had durable responses for > 15 months. Milademetan provided clinical benefits in patients with amplified MDM2 intimal sarcoma. Predictive biomarkers other than amplified MDM2 and acquired resistance mechanisms for milademetan are unknown. Whole-exome and RNA sequencing analyses of pre-treatment tissue samples were conducted to identify determinants of response. Genomic alterations were analyzed for 10 patients, and gene expression was analyzed for 9 patients using their pre-treatment tissue samples. Targeted sequencing of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) samples (liquid biopsy) was also conducted sequentially at three points [before treatment with milademetan (baseline), at Cycle 2 Day1, and at the time of disease progression] to identify determinants of response and resistance. From whole-exome and RNA sequencing analyses of pre-treatment tissue samples, we could not find any molecular pathways associated with the anti-tumor activity of milademetan. Focusing on 8 genes (CDK4, CDKN2A, CDKN2B, EGFR, ERBB3, MDM2, PDGFRA, TP53) known to be frequently affected in intimal sarcoma and 10 genes (AKT1, ATM, BBC3, CDKN1A, CDKN1C, CHEK2, MDM4, PMAIP1, PPM1D, TWIST1) reported to be associated with MDM2 inhibitor responses; we found that anti-tumor activity correlated with amplified TWIST1 (p-value = 0.028) and negatively with CDKN2A loss (p-value = 0.071). Eight of the 10 patients had their cfDNA collected sequentially at baseline, at Cycle 2 Day1 and disease progression; however, one did not consent to the exploratory analysis study using cfDNA, and one had cfDNA collected at baseline but not at disease progression due to ongoing treatment. Of the eight patients, TP53 mutations in cfDNA were detected in one and five patients at baseline and disease progression, respectively. The cfDNA allele frequency of TP53 mutations increased with disease progression. CDKN2A loss and amplified TWIST1 could be associated with the anti-tumor activity of milademetan in patients with MDM2 amplified intimal sarcoma. Acquired TP53 mutations were detected in sequential liquid biopsies as loss-of-function mutations, and these TP53 mutations might compromise the anti-tumor activity.

  Study JGAS000619

• Whole-exome sequencing of pediatric solid tumors

  Pediatric solid tumors are rare, whose pathogenesis is poorly understood. To investigate the genetic basis of pediatric solid tumors, we performed whole exome sequencing in 16 rhabdmyosarcoma (RMS) cases and 7 pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) cases.

  Study JGAS000036

• Genomic and Genetic Analysis of Brain Tumors and Analysis of Their Clinicopathological Significance

  The treatment outcome of glioma patients remains disappointing, and more studies are needed to improve therapeutic strategies. In particular, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms underlying resistance to treatment and malignant transformation, as well as the intratumoral heterogeneity and interaction of tumor cells and host immunity. Recent advances in omics analysis techniques, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS), have enabled us to obtain omics data more easily and accelerated our ability to integrate this information and precisely characterize cases. In our project, we have already collected more than 100 pairs of human glioma/normal tissue samples, of which some are multiple specimens collected from initial and recurrent tumors, and some include multiple specimens collected from different regions within a single tumor. We used our in-house algorithms, composed of alignment and variant calling programs, to analyze omics data from multiple platforms, such as whole-exome sequencing (WES), RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and methylation array, with our original cohort of glioma patients. Using several informatics tools, the information about genetic and epigenetic status and expression signatures were analyzed. Those data are expected to provide key information for investigating the mechanisms discussed above. Through this project, we hope to improve strategies for personalized therapy based on comprehensive omics data.

  Study JGAS000004

• Impact of germline pathogenic variants in 27 cancer-predisposing genes on the risk of lymphoma

  The application of advanced molecular technology has significantly expanded lymphoma classification, allowing risk stratification and treatment optimization. Limited evidence suggests the presence of a genetic predisposition in lymphoma, indicating the potential for better individualized clinical management based on a novel lymphoma classification. Herein, we examined the impact of germline pathogenic variants in 27 cancer-predisposing genes with lymphoma risk and explored the clinical characteristics of pathogenic variant carriers. This study included 2,066 lymphoma patients and 38,153 cancer-free controls from the Japanese population. Following quality control of sequencing data, samples from 1,982 lymphoma patients and 37,592 controls were further analyzed. Sequencing data of controls were obtained from JGAD000721. Germline pathogenic variants in some cancer-predisposing genes were associated with a high risk of lymphoma. Furthermore, germline pathogenic variants in these genes were especially associated with the higher risk of a certain subtype. These results would provide novel insights concerning monogenic form into lymphoma classification. Some lymphoma patients may benefit from surveillance and targeted treatment like other neoplasms.

  Study JGAS000347

• Paediatric Hepatic International Tumour Trial (JPLT2: PHITT)

  Hepatoblastoma (HBL) is the most common primary liver tumor in children. Despite their diversity in histopathological phenotype and clinical outcome, the underlying molecular aberrations have not been fully understood. Here we describe a comprehensive landscape of genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptomic heterogeneity among the 163 cases of HBLs and transitional liver cell tumors (TLCTs) collected in the multicenter clinical trial JPLT-2. The total numbers of mutational events in HBLs are very few (0.52 SNVs/Mb on exonic regions) but show a positive correlation with the age of onset. While dysregulation of Wnt-pathway related genes was observed (somatic deletion or mutations of CTNNB1 and germline or somatic mutations of APC) in 83.6% of the HBL cases, TERT promoter mutations are mainly in the elderly HBLs (> 8 years old), meeting with the proposed criteria of TLCT. These TLCT cases are clustered in the hypermethylated epigenotype in promoter and enhancer regions. Copy number analyses also revealed recurrent 11p15.5 UPD/LOHs including the IGF2/H19 region (31.6%), focal deletions in 4q35 (15.8%) and focal amplifications in 2q24.3 (7.0%) predominantly in the child and infant HBLs. Motif enrichment analysis of the specific hypomethylated enhancers in these HBL subtypes suggests specific binding of ASCL2, the regulatory transcription factor for definitive endoderm and digestive systems. Transcriptome and histochemical analysis revealed that ASCL2 is upregulated not in HCC and TLCT but in child and infant HBL, suggesting their ?cell of origin? derived from the premature hepatoblast with high proliferative potential such as intestinal epithelial cells. Systematic molecular profiling of HBL will provide a fundamental understanding of hepatoblast carcinogenesis and clues for risk stratification.

  Study JGAS000236

• Integrated multi-omics analysis of pediatric hepatoblastoma

  Hepatoblastoma (HBL) is the most common malignant liver tumor in childhood and is clinically heterogeneous. In spite of its heterogeneity, the molecular basis responsible for the difference between low-risk and high-risk HBL has not been fully clarified. To address this issue, we carried out multi-omics analysis on 59 HBL samples to generate comprehensive profiles of gene mutation, copy-number alteration, DNA methylation and gene expression. By integrating these data, we aimed to unravel the heterogeneity of HBL and identify genetic determinants and therapy targets of high-risk HBL.

  Study JGAS000188

• Molecular profiling for a patient with lipoblastoma-like tumor of the vulva

  Lipoblastoma-like tumors of the vulva (LLTVs) are exceptionally rare indolent adipocytic mesenchymal tumors arising in adults. Only total 19 cases have been reported previously and has just been categorized as mesenchymal tumours of the lower genital tract on the latest WHO classification of tumours, 5th edition. This is the first case of LLTV assessed for RNA-seq, WES, and WGS by next generation sequencing.

  Study JGAS000529

• Immuno-genomic Profiling of Biopsy Specimens Predicts Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Response in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most aggressive cancers and is primarily treated with platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Some ESCCs respond well to NAC. However, biomarkers to predict NAC sensitivity and their response mechanism in ESCC remain unclear. We introduce a model by machine learning and validated its potential to predict the NAC response in ESCC. To create this model, we performed whole genome sequencing and RNA-seq analysis on totally 141 ESCC biopsy specimens before NAC treatment and analyzed their immuno-genomic features and association with NAC response. Neutrophils infiltration could play an important role in ESCC response to NAC. We also demonstrated that specific copy number alterations and copy number signatures in the ESCC genome were significantly associated with NAC response. The interactions between the tumor genome and immune features of ESCC are likely to be a new indicator of therapeutic capability and a new therapeutic target for ESCC, and machine learning prediction for NAC response is useful.

  Study JGAS000535

• Whole exome sequencing, RNA sequencing and single-cell RNA sequencing of 4 melanoma patients

  We perfomed whole exome sequencing and RNA sequencing of 4 melanoma patients to assess the detailed biological mechanisms of resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors.

  Study JGAS000285

• Identification of genetic mutations characteristic for recurrence and metastasis of lymphoma.

  We collected the cancerous tissues of the primary and recurrence tumors from the same patient with recurrent B cell lymphoma, and the purpose of this study is to find the characteristics of recurrent B cell lymphoma by carrying out a "molecular profiling", mainly the exome sequence analysis of these tissues.

  Study JGAS000087

• Clonal structure and oncogenic potential of liver cirrhosis tissues.

  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrently develops in cirrhotic liver composed of numbers of regenerative nodules (RNs). The biologic or genetic basis of RNs for hepatocarcinogenesis remains unclear at present. Thus, to uncover the basis of cirrhotic liver for multicentric tumorigenesis, we investigated the oncogenic potential of RNs in LC tissues using multi-omics analysis.

  Study JGAS000134

• Whole-genome sequencing on hepatocellular carcinoma with nodule-in-nodule appearance reveals stepwise cancer evolution

  We examined five cases with hypovascular early HCC with hypervascular foci, so-called nodule-in-nodule HCC. Multiregional sampling was performed from both the inner hypervascular region and outer hypovascular region, together with noncancerous liver tissue and lymphocytes as controls. Comprehensive analysis of genomic aberrations, such as single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and structural variations (STVs), was performed by whole-genome sequencing.

  Study JGAS000190

• Epigenomic analysis of the human placenta and endometrium constituting the fetal-maternal interface

  This study aims to determine the reference epigenomes of the human placenta and endometrium, which constitute the fetal-meternal interface, for future use in studies of human diseases associated with reproduction and development. In the placenta, we focus on cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast cells (both at first trimester and at term) and, in the endometrium, we focus on epitherial cells (at the follicular and secretory phases) and stroma cells. These reference epigenomic data will be of valuable resource in studying disease-associated differences in epigenomic modification in the reproductive system. JGA submission accessions: JGA000117,JGA00000000117

  Study JGAS000107

• Comprehensive molecular and clinicopathological profiling of salivary duct carcinoma

  Molecular targets and predictive biomarkers for prognosis in salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) have not fully identified. We conducted comprehensive molecular profiling to discover novel biomarkers for SDC. A total of 67 SDC samples were examined with DNA sequencing of 464 genes and transcriptome analysis in combination with the clinicopathological characteristics of the individuals.

  Study JGAS000534

• Durable clinical impacts and mechanisms of action and resistance in histone K27 methylation-targeting epigenetic therapy

  Epigenomes allow the rectification of disordered cancer gene expressions, thereby providing new targets for pharmacological interventions in cancer therapy. The clinical utility of targeting histone H3 lysine tri-methylation (H3K27me3) as an epigenetic hallmark has been demonstrated. However, in actual therapeutic settings, the mechanism by which H3K27me3-targeting therapies exert their effects and the response of tumor cells remain unclear. Here we show the potency and mechanisms of action and resistance of a newly developed EZH1/2 dual inhibitor, valemetostat, in the clinical trials of patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). Valemetostat administration reduced the tumor size and demonstrated durable clinical benefits. Integrative single-cell analyses of patients before and after the administration of valemetostat showed that valemetostat abolishes the highly condensed chromatin structure formed by the plastic H3K27me3 and neutralizes multiple gene loci, such as tumor suppressor genes. Nevertheless, subsequent long-term treatment encounters the emergence of resistant clones with reconstructed aggregate chromatin that closely resemble the pre-dose state. The acquired mutations at the EZH2���compound interface result in the propagation of the clones with re-increased H3K27me3. In patients free of this mutation, TET2 mutation or elevated DNMT3A expression causes similar chromatin recondensation through de novo DNA methylation at the H3K27me3-associated regions. We identified subpopulations with distinct metabolic and gene translation characteristics implicated in primary susceptibility until the acquisition of the heritable (epi)mutations. Targeting chromatin homeostasis might provide opportunities for further sustained epigenetic cancer therapies.

  Study JGAS000553