3311 results for "*geneti*"

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• Genomic landscape of oral cancers (Illumina RNA-Seq)

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a necessary but insufficient cause of a subset of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) that is increasing markedly in frequency. To identify contributory, secondary genetic alterations in these cancers, we used comprehensive genomics methods to compare 149 HPV-positive and 335 HPV-negative OSCC tumor/normal pairs. Different behavioral risk factors underlying the two OSCC types were reflected in distinctive genomic mutational signatures. In HPV-positive OSCC, the signatures of APOBEC cytosine deaminase editing, associated with anti-viral immunity, were strongly linked to overall mutational burden. By contrast, in HPV-negative OSCC, T>C substitutions in the sequence context 5’-ATN-3’ correlated with tobacco exposure. Universal expression of HPV E6*1 and E7 oncogenes was a sine qua non of HPV-positive OSCC. Significant enrichment of somatic mutations was confirmed or newly identified in PIK3CA, KMT2D, FGFR3, FBXW7, DDX3X, PTEN, TRAF3, RB1, CYLD, RIPK4, ZNF750, EP300, CASZ1, TAF5, RBL1, IFNGR1 and NFKBIA. Of these, many affect host pathways already targeted by HPV oncoproteins, including the p53 and pRB pathways, or disrupt host defenses against viral infections, including interferon and nuclear factor-B signaling. Frequent copy number changes were associated with concordant changes in gene expression. Chr. 11q (including CCND1) and 14q (including DICER1 and AKT1) were recurrently lost in HPV-positive OSCC, in contrast to their gains in HPV-negative OSCC. High-ranking variant allele fractions implicated ZNF750, PIK3CA and EP300 mutations as candidate driver events in HPV-positive cancers. We conclude that virus-host interactions cooperatively shape the unique genetic features of these cancers, distinguishing them from their HPV-negative counterparts.

  Study EGAS00001003237

• The proliferative history shapes the DNA methylome of B-cell tumor and predicts clinical outcome

  Here, we provide access to CLL and DLBCL DNA methylation and gene expression data in the context of a systematic analysis of the DNA methylation variability in 1,595 samples of normal cell subpopulations and 14 tumor subtypes spanning the entire human B-cell lineage. This approach showed that differential methylation among tumor entities relates to differences in cellular origin and to de novo epigenetic alterations, which allowed us to build an accurate machine learning-based diagnostic algorithm. We identify extensive patient-specific methylation variability in silenced chromatin associated with the proliferative history of normal and neoplastic B cells. Mitotic activity generally leaves both hyper- and hypomethylation imprints, but some B-cell neoplasms preferentially gain or lose DNA methylation. Subsequently, we construct a DNA methylation-based mitotic clock called epiCMIT, whose lapse magnitude represents a strong independent prognostic variable in B-cell tumors and is associated with particular driver genetic alterations. Our findings reveal DNA methylation as a holistic tracer of B-cell tumor developmental history, with implications in the differential diagnosis and prediction of clinical outcome.

  Study EGAS00001004640

• BLUEPRINT DNA Methylation 450K data of mantle cell lymphoma

  We have applied an analytic strategy to decipher the DNA methylome of 86 mantle cell lymphomas (MCL) in light of the methylome of the entire B-cell lineage. In this way, we first identified two MCL subgroups that respectively carry epigenetic imprints of pre- and post-germinal center B cells. Secondly, we observed that pure tumor-specific changes are rare, as most (89-99%) DNA methylation alterations in MCL are within or in close proximity of those regions showing dynamic methylation in normal B cells. Several thousand of these differentially methylated regions in MCL show concurrent changes in enhancer-associated histone modifications, including a region located 650 Kb away from the MCL oncogene SOX11. At the clinical level, epigenetic and genetic changes co-evolve during MCL progression and the magnitude of epigenetic changes is associated with overall survival of the patients.

  Study EGAS00001001637

• Genetics_and_Networks_of_Congenital_Heart_Defects

  Exome sequencing of families with Congenital Heart Defects of diverse sub-phenotypes. Comprises both parent-offspring trios for sporadic cases and multiplex families. Collaboration with David Brook, University of Nottingham. Funded by the British Heart Foundation.

  Study EGAS00001000762

• Deciphering Developmental Disorders (DDD)

  The Deciphering Developmental Disorders (DDD) study is a research collaboration between the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, the NHS clinical genetics services and families across the UK and Ireland. The project aims to improve the diagnosis of children with developmental disorders by using high-resolution microarray and massively parallel sequencing technologies on 12,000 children and their parents. Genetic changes that explain the child's symptoms will be displayed in the DECIPHER database (https://decipher.sanger.ac.uk). Extended datasets generated by the DDD project will be available in the European Genome-Phenome Archive with access carefully managed by a Data Access Committee.

  Study EGAS00001000775

• Submission 25 - study_title 1

  Submission 25 - description 1

  Study EGAS50000000486

• Epigenomic alterations define lethal CIMP-positive ependymomas of infancy

  Ependymomas are common childhood brain tumours that occur throughout the nervous system, but are most common in the paediatric hindbrain. Current standard therapy comprises surgery and radiation, but not cytotoxic chemotherapy as it does not further increase survival. Whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing of 47 hindbrain ependymomas reveals an extremely low mutation rate, and zero significant recurrent somatic single nucleotide variants. Although devoid of recurrent single nucleotide variants and focal copy number aberrations, poor-prognosis hindbrain ependymomas exhibit a CpG island methylator phenotype. Transcriptional silencing driven by CpG methylation converges exclusively on targets of the Polycomb repressive complex 2 which represses expression of differentiation genes through trimethylation of H3K27. CpG island methylator phenotype-positive hindbrain ependymomas are responsive to clinical drugs that target either DNA or H3K27 methylation both in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that epigenetic modifiers are the first rational therapeutic candidates for this deadly malignancy, which is epigenetically deregulated but genetically bland.

  Study EGAS00001000443

• Genetic landscape of pediatric Infant Acute Lymphoblastic leukemia

  We performed whole genome sequencing of tumor and normal DNA samples obtained from 22 infant ALL cases with MLL rearrangements. In addition, we sequenced 2 paired diagnostic-relapse samples. Using complementary pipelines, somatically acquired genetic changes were analyzed, including single nucleotide variations (SNVs), insertion/deletions, structural variations and copy number variations in the cancer genomes. In addition, exome sequencing was performed on paired diagnostic and normal DNA samples obtained from 20 cases of non-infant MLL rearranged leukemias and somatic mutations in the coding regions were identified.

  Study EGAS00001000246

• The Genomic Landscape of Core-Binding Factor Acute Myeloid Leukemias

  Pediatric de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease that can be divided into clinically distinct subtypes based on the presence of specific chromosomal abnormalities or gene alterations. One of the best characterized subtypes of AML involves leukemias with alterations of the core-binding factor (CBF)-complex, which comprises the FAB subtypes M2 and M4Eo and associates with a favorable outcome. Patients with the AML M2 subtype harbor a translocation between chromosomes 8 and 21 [t(8;21)] that yields the chimeric fusion gene RUNX1(AML1)-RUNX1T1(ETO), while patients with AML M4Eo express the chimeric fusion gene CBFβ-SMMHC(MYH11) as a result of an inversion/translocation event of chromosome 16 [inv(16)/t(16;16)]. In an effort to define the total complement of genetic changes in CBF-leukemia, we performed paired-end whole genome sequencing (WGS) on diagnostic leukemia blasts and matched germ line samples from 17 pediatric CBF-leukemia patients using the Illumina platform. Somatic alterations, including single nucleotide variations (SNVs) and structural variations (SVs), including insertions, deletions, inversions, and inter- and intra-chromosomal rearrangements, were detected using complementary analysis pipelines (Bambino, CREST and CONSERTING). Recurrent screening of identified mutations will be performed in a cohort of approximately 94 cases of CBF-leukemias.

  Study EGAS00001000349

• Genetic landscape of non-Down syndrome acute megkaryoblastic leukemia

  Study EGAS00001000379

• Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals cell-type specific eQTLs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells

  This proof-of-concept study shows that single-cell RNA sequencing in ~25,000 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 45 donors allows for the identification of cell type-specific cis expression quantitative trait loci effects (cis-eQTLs). Moreover, the significant top-eQTL effects show consistent allelic direction (94%) with previously published whole blood deepSAGE data. These cell type-specific eQTLs may give us additional insight into the downstream consequences of genetic risk factors for immune-mediated diseases.

  Study EGAS00001002560

• Association of Age at Diagnosis and Genetic Mutations in Patients with Neuroblastoma

  Neuroblastoma is diagnosed over a wide age range from birth through young adulthood, and older age at diagnosis is associated with a decline in survivability. We performed whole genome sequencing of DNA from diagnostic tumors and their matched germlines from 40 patients with metastatic neuroblastoma obtained between 1987 and 2009. To identify genetic lesions that are associated with age at diagnosis in patients with metastatic neuroblastoma. Age groups at diagnosis included infants (0-18 months), children (18 months-12 years), and adolescents and young adults (>12 years). To confirm the findings from this discovery cohort, validation testing using tumors from an additional 64 patients obtained between 1985 and 2009 was also performed. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue was used for immunohistochemistry and fluorescent in situ hybridization. Telomere lengths were analyzed using the whole genome sequencing data, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and fluorescent in situ hybridization

  Study EGAS00001000213

• Whole-genome sequencing analysis of low-grade astrocytomas within the ICGC PedBrain Tumor Project

  In order to investigate the full range of genetic alterations contributing to the tumourigenesis of low-grade astrocytoma, we have conducted a next-generation sequencing-based analysis on a large series of matched tumor-normal pairs. This study, conducted by the International Cancer Genome Consortium PedBrain Tumor Project (ICGC PedBrain, http://www.pedbraintumor.org/), has revealed multiple new insights into the biological basis of this tumor entity.

  Study EGAS00001000381

• Genetic landscape of pediatric Osteosarcoma

  We performed whole-genome sequencing of 37 paired tumor/normal OS genomes and analyzed somatically acquired single nucleotide variations (SNVs), insertion/deletions, structural variations and copy number variations in the cancer genomes

  Study EGAS00001000263

• Genetic landscape of pediatric Medulloblastoma

  Medulloblastoma is a heterogenous disease made up of at least four distinct subtypes of disease which appear to exploit and disrupt naturally occurring developmental pathways of cellular growth and hindbrain development. To better understand the driver mutations of this disease, we performed whole genome sequencing of 37 medulloblastomas and the corresponding normal DNA of the 37 affected children treated at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. We have found several novel mutations which appear subtype specific. These mutations were checked for frequency in a separate tumor cohort of 56 children with medulloblastoma, also treated on the St. Jude Medulloblastoma 2003 trial, and were tested in several animal models of medulloblastoma for proof of oncogenic potential.

  Study EGAS00001000347

• Submission 48 - study_title 1

  Submission 48 - description 1

  Study EGAS50000000497

• Genetic landscape of pediatric Low Grade Gliomas & Glioneuronal tumors

  We performed whole-genome sequencing of 42 paired tumor/normal LGG genomes and analyzed somatically acquired single nucleotide variations (SNVs), insertion/deletions, structural variations and copy number variations in the cancer genomes

  Study EGAS00001000255

• Genetic landscape of pediatric ependymoma

  We performed whole-genome sequencing of 42 paired tumor/normal EPD genomes and analyzed somatically acquired single nucleotide variations (SNVs), insertion/deletions, structural variations and copy number variations in the cancer genomes

  Study EGAS00001000254

• Genetic landscape of pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma

  We performed whole-genome sequencing of 13 paired tumor/normal Rhabdomyosarcoma genomes and analyzed somatically acquired single nucleotide variations SNVs, insertion/deletions, structural variations and copy number variations in the cancer genomes

  Study EGAS00001000256

• Genetic landscape of pediatric Retinoblastoma

  Study EGAS00001000346

• Whole genome and RNA sequencing of paediatric glioblastoma in the ICGC PedBrain project

  Paediatric glioblastoma (pedGBM) is characterised by substantial intertumoural heterogeneity. In order to identify the genetic lesions underlying tumourigenesis, we analysed whole genomes and transcriptomes of pedGBMs and in vitro model systems by next generation sequencing. Novel fusions of the receptor tyrosine kinase MET lead us to investigate targeted therapy using MET inhibitors. This study is part of the International Cancer Genome Consortium PedBrain Tumor Project (ICGC PedBrain, http://www.pedbraintumor.org/).

  Study EGAS00001001139

• Comprehensive molecular profiling identifies novel genetic drivers and subtypes underlying medulloblastoma

  Current therapies for medulloblastoma (MB), a highly malignant childhood brain tumor, impose debilitating effects on the developing child, warranting the development of molecularly targeted treatments with reduced toxicities. Prior studies have failed to disclose the full spectrum of driver genes and molecular processes operative in MB or adequately explain heterogeneity among molecular subgroups. Herein, we detail the somatic landscape across 491 sequenced MBs and molecular heterogeneity amongst 1,256 epigenetically analyzed cases, identifying subgroup-specific mutational signatures, driver genes, and pathway alterations including previously unappreciated actionable therapeutic targets. Integrative approaches for assigning driver genes to subgroups explained >65-70% of Group 3 and Group 4, doubling previous knowledge. Novel subtypes underlying Group 3 and Group 4 were differentially enriched for specific driver events, including hotspot in-frame indels targeting KBTBD4 and ‘enhancer hijacking’ driving activation of PRDM6. Thus, application of integrative genomics to an unprecedented cohort of clinical samples derived from a single childhood cancer entity has disclosed a series of new cancer genes and biologically relevant subtype diversity that represent attractive therapeutic targets for treating MB.

  Study EGAS00001001953

• Osteosarcoma_Whole_Genome

  We propose to definitively characterise the somatic genetics of Osteosarcoma cancer through generation of comprehensive catalogues of somatic mutations by high coverage genome sequencing.

  Study EGAS00001000147

• Fetal hemoglobin in sickle cell disease patients from Tanzania

  Levels of fetal hemoglobin have been associated with differences in severity and outcome of sickle cell disease (SCD). While some genetic associations have been reported between SNPs and HbF level, little of the variance in the trait is explained, and most studies have focused on African American, rather than African samples. We have carried out a GWAS in a collection of SCD patients from Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. This sample represents a diverse, metropolitan collection of individuals from East Africa. Omni 2.5M genotypes and HbF levels (measured after 5 years of age) are available.

  Study EGAS00001000990

• Sequencing of an organoid biobank for childhood kidney cancers that captures disease and tissue heterogeneity.

  Kidney tumors are among the most common solid tumors in children, comprising several distinct subtypes differing in many aspects, including cell-of-origin, genetics, and pathology. Pre-clinical cell models capturing the disease heterogeneity are currently lacking. Here, we describe the first pediatric cancer organoid biobank. It contains tumor and matching normal organoids from over 50 children with different subtypes of kidney cancer, including Wilms tumors, malignant rhabdoid tumors, renal cell carcinomas, and congenital mesoblastic nephromas. The malignant rhabdoid tumor organoids represent the first organoid model for tumors of non-epithelial origin. The tumor organoids retain key properties of native tumors, useful for revealing patient specific drug vulnerabilities. We further demonstrate that organoid cultures derived from Wilms tumors consist of multiple different cell types, including epithelial, stromal and blastemal-like. Our organoid biobank captures the cellular heterogeneity of pediatric kidney tumors, providing a representative collection of well-characterized models for basic cancer research, drug-screening, and personalized medicine.

  Study EGAS00001003853

• Investigating Host Genetic Risk Factors for Tuberculosis in Highly Endemic South African Populations

  It is apparent from our recent population genetic and admixture mapping work 1–3 that a substantial part of the ancestral input into the South African Coloured (SAC) population is from the San or Khoe groups, which are not well represented in publicly available genetic databases. It is a reasonable assumption that the SAC population in the Western Cape may have derived more genetic input from the present KhoeSan population in the Northern Cape than the San residing in Namibia. It was concluded by our group that it is indeed the southern African KhoeSan group, the ≠Khomani, that best represent the KhoeSan contribution seen in the SAC 4. More recently, it has been shown that there are ancestry related increases in TB susceptibility, especially with increased Bantu-speaking African and KhoeSan ancestry 5. We aim to elucidate the epidemiological and human-host genetic risk factors for TB and the immunological pathways modulating TB infection. The proposed sub-study will enroll people evaluated for TB at Northern Cape community health clinics and their contacts from their households and/or community. We will conduct a demographic interview, collect saliva, which will be used for genetic analysis, and blood to determine latent TB infection status and capture immunological responses to mycobacterial infections at the cellular level and RNA sequencing.

  Study EGAS00001007850

• Detection of clinically relevant genetic and transcriptomic landscape in DLBCL uniformly treated by R-CHOP

  Recent studies using next-generation sequencing strategies have described the landscape of genetic alterations in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). However, little is known about the clinical relevance of recurrent mutations and copy number alterations and their transcriptional footprints. This study examines the frequency, interaction and clinical impact of recurrent genetic aberrations in DLBCL using high-resolution technologies in a large population-based cohort.

  Study EGAS00001002657

• Mapping_gene_environment_interactions_in_macrophages

  Immune cells sense and respond to external stimuli such as pathogens and initiate an inflammatory response. Genetic variants altering the behaviour and responses of immune cells may inform the results of disease association studies and provide an insight into the regulation of immune response. Studies mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) are usually performed in quiescent or naïve cells and therefore any variants with a condition-specific manner (e.g. those with an effect only detectable in a specific time-point after cell stimulation) are likely to remain undiscovered. So far, only a handful of studies have attempted to study QTL in multiple states and even on those studies the number of states has remained relatively low (<5). Only very recently Horst and colleagues published the largest study to date investigating the effect of host variable (e.g. age, sex, contraceptive use etc.) on protein levels in macrophages stimulated with 19 different conditions (Horst et al, 2016). This project aims to develop a high-throughput experimental platform to detect QTL in a large number of states using iPSC derived macrophages. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001002268

• PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative

  The goal of the PanCuRx TRI is to seek solutions to the high fatality rate of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most common type of pancreatic cancer, by generating new knowledge about the genetics and biology of the disease, mechanisms of how tumours grow and tailored treatment options. PDAC is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in Canada and is expected to become the second-leading cause of cancer death within the next decade. The current five-year survival rate of eight per cent is the lowest of all epithelial cancers. There are major clinical challenges to treating the disease, including the fact that PDAC spreads to other parts of the body early so surgical removal of the tumour benefits few patients, that PDAC has proven relatively resistant to systemic therapies such as chemotherapy and that there has been limited benefit from the use of newer molecular targeted agents. The PanCuRx team has created the world’s first resource of tumour-purified PDAC whole genomes; more than 500 PDAC samples, with combined clinical annotation, have been successfully sequenced and analyzed at the Ontario Institute for Cancer research in Toronto. The resulting clinical genomic resource created from this data has led to multiple new findings that have established a framework to better understand PDAC biology and lays the foundation for new genomic approaches to better understanding the disease. The team also launched a clinical trial called COMPASS (Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Advanced Ductal Pancreas Adenocarcinoma for Better Treatment Selection: A Prospective Study), which is recruiting patients with advanced PDAC (both locally advanced and metastatic) at The Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (PM) in Toronto. The study uses the molecular results from individual patient tumours to guide selection of better second line treatment on a case-by-case basis. The primary objective of the initial study was to assess the feasibility of collecting tumour materials from patients with advanced PDAC and delivering results within 56 days of biopsy. Having achieved this objective, the trial has expanded to other cancer centres across Canada. Pancreatic cancer is one of the most deadly forms of cancer and outcomes have not improved in four decades. The PanCuRx initiative is providing a better understanding of the disease and actively applying new knowledge to cancer patients through clinical trials. This knowledge will help to improve quality of life and prolong survival for pancreatic cancer patients worldwide.

  Study EGAS00001002543

• Coding and small non-coding transcriptional landscape of tuberous sclerosis complex cortical tubers: implications for pathophysiology and treatment

  Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disorder that results from a mutation in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes leading to constitutive activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). TSC is associated with autism, intellectual disability and severe epilepsy. Cortical tubers are believed to represent the neuropathological substrates of these disabling manifestations in TSC. In the presented study we used high-throughput RNA sequencing in combination with systems-based computational approaches to investigate the complexity of the TSC molecular network. Overall we detected 438 differentially expressed genes and 991 differentially expressed small non-coding RNAs in cortical tubers compared to autopsy control brain tissue. We observed increased expression of genes associated with inflammatory, innate and adaptive immune responses. In contrast, we observed a down-regulation of genes associated with neurogenesis and glutamate receptor signaling. MicroRNAs represented the largest class of over-expressed small non-coding RNA species in tubers. In particular, our analysis revealed that the miR-34 family (including miR-34a, miR-34b and miR-34c) was significantly over-expressed. Functional studies demonstrated the ability of miR-34b to modulate neurite outgrowth in mouse primary hippocampal neuronal cultures. This study provides new insights into the TSC transcriptomic network along with the identification of potential new treatment targets.

  Study EGAS00001002485

• FBSeq: RNA sequencing of human fetal brain.

  RNA sequencing of 120 human fetal brains (aged 12-19 post-conception weeks) was performed as part of a Medical Research Council (U.K.) funded project (MR/L010674/2) to investigate genetic effects on gene expression in the developing human brain and their role in neuropsychiatric disorders. Human fetal brain tissue from elective terminations of pregnancy was provided by the Human Developmental Biology Resource (HDBR) (http://www.hdbr.org), with ethical approval (#08/H0712/34), and with consent for use of fetal material for medical research provided by female donors. Total RNA was extracted from half of the available brain tissue from each fetus using Tri-Reagent and treated with TURBO DNase. RNA-Seq libraries were prepared using 1µg of purified total RNA and the Illumina TruSeq Stranded Total RNA Library Prep kit, following ribosomal RNA depletion. Libraries were sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq 2500 or HiSeq 4000 systems, generating at least 50 million read pairs per sample.

  Study EGAS00001003214

• The genomic landscape of lung adenocarcinoma in East Asians

  We performed exome sequencing of 210 and transcriptome sequencing of 181 LUADs of Chinese patients. For more details, please see publication "Genomic landscape of lung adenocarcinoma in East Asians" by Chen J. et. al. in Nature Genetics 2020. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-019-0569-6.

  Study EGAS00001002941

• Prostate cancer ancestral genomic disparity

  Prostate cancer is characterised by significant global disparity; mortality rates in SubSaharan Africa are double to quadruple those in Eurasia. Hypothesising unknown interplay between genetic and non-genetic factors, tumour genome profiling envisages contributing mutational processes. Through whole-genome sequencing of treatment-naïve prostate cancer from 183 ethnically/globally distinct patients (African versus European), we generate the largest cancer genomics resource for Sub-Saharan Africa. Identifying ~2 million somatic variants, Africans carried the greatest burden. We describe a new molecular taxonomy using all mutational types and ethno39 geographic identifiers, including Asian. Defined as Global Mutational Subtypes (GMS) A–D, although Africans presented within all subtypes, we found GMS-B to be ‘African-specific’ and GMS-D ‘African-predominant’, including Admixed and European Africans. Conversely, Europeans from Australia, Africa and Brazil predominated within ‘mutationally-quiet’ and ethnically/globally ‘universal’ GMS-A, while European Australians shared a higher mutational burden with Africans in GMS45 C. GMS predicts clinical outcomes; reconstructing cancer timelines suggests four evolutionary trajectories with different mutation rates (GMS-A, low 0.968/year versus D, highest 1.315/year). Our data suggest both common genetic factors across extant populations and regional environmental factors contributing to carcinogenesis, analogous to gene-environment interaction defined here as a different effect of an environmental surrounding in persons with different ancestries or vice versa. We anticipate GMS acting as a proxy to intrinsic and extrinsic mutational processes in cancers, promoting global inclusion in landmark studies.

  Study EGAS00001006425

• Genotyping_of_additional_Inflammatory_Bowel_Disease_cases___2014

  Both internal and external funding has enabled 5000 inflammatory bowel disease cases to be whole genome sequenced (CD @4X, UC @2X). The Anderson and Barrett groups are currently generating genotypes across these samples for comparison to 4000 population controls sequenced as part of UK10K. The UK10K project has shown that imputing sequenced genetic variation into previously GWASed samples greatly increases power to detect association. Given that our study has been designed to detect association to low frequency variation (0.5% and above) these gains in power are especially important. Overall, the UKIBDGC has GWAS data for around 1800 CD samples (Affy 500K) and 3000 UC samples (Affy6), though some of these samples have also been whole genome sequenced. Here, we apply to get all remaining non-GWAS and non-WGS IBD cases in the UKIBDGC (N=X) genotyped genotyped on the Illumina Core Exome Array

  Study EGAS00001000924

• HELIUS cohort

  The gut microbiota composition is unique to every individual but is shaped by common factors including diet, lifestyle, medication use, early-life determinants, living environment or genetics. Most of these factors may be influenced by ethnicity. This study explored variations in fecal microbiota composition in 6048 individuals with different ethnic backgrounds living in the same geographical area (Amsterdam, the Netherlands). The HELIUS data are owned by the Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. To allow sharing of microbiome data collected in HELIUS with (inter)national researchers, 16s rRNA sequence analysis has been stored at the European genome-phenome archive (EGA; accession code EGAD00001004106). This requires that access needs to be granted, also because the HELIUS data are stored with relevant phenotypical variables. Access is granted to all researchers affiliated with an internationally recognized research institution who request to use the HELIUS data within the EGA context, after having signed the data transfer agreement. Any researcher can request the data by submitting a proposal to the HELIUS Executive Board as outlined at http://www.heliusstudy.nl/en/researchers/collaboration, by email: heliuscoordinator at amsterdamumc dot nl. The HELIUS Executive Board will check proposals if they do not conflict with ethical approvals and informed consent forms of the HELIUS study.

  Study EGAS00001002969

• HipSci HumanExome BeadChip analysis-Healthy volunteers

  The HipSci project brings together diverse constituents in genomics, proteomics, cell biology and clinical genetics to create a UK national iPS cell resource and use it to carry out cellular genetic studies. In this sub-study we performed Genotyping analysis using the Infinium HumanExome BeadChip on iPS cells generated from skin biopsies from healthy volunteers.

  Study EGAS00001000866

• Allele-specific expression of GATA2 due to epigenetic dysregulation in double mutated CEBPA AML

  Transcriptional deregulation is a central event in the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). To identify potential disturbances in gene regulation, we conducted an unbiased screen of allele-specific expression (ASE) in 209 AML cases. The gene encoding GATA binding protein 2 (GATA2) displayed ASE more often than any other myeloid or cancer-related gene. GATA2 ASE was strongly associated with CEBPA double mutations (CEBPA DM), with 95% of cases presenting GATA2 ASE. In CEBPA DM AML with GATA2 mutations, the mutated allele was preferentially expressed. We found that GATA2 ASE is a somatic event lost in complete remission, supporting the notion that it plays a role in CEBPA DM AML. Acquisition of GATA2 ASE involved silencing of one allele via promoter methylation, compensated by overactivation of the other allele, thereby preserving expression levels. Notably, promoter methylation was also lost in remission together with GATA2 ASE. In summary, we propose that GATA2 ASE is acquired by epigenetic mechanisms and is a prerequisite for the development of AML with CEBPA DM. This finding constitutes a novel example of an epigenetic hit cooperating with a genetic hit in the pathogenesis of AML.

  Study EGAS00001004684

• Genetic regulation of gene expression in human brain cell types

  We leveraged single nuclei RNA-seq from 192 human brain samples to map cis-eQTLs in 8 brain cell types. We found extensive cell-type specific genetic effect on gene expression and integrated our results with GWAS to identify putative novel risk genes for brain disorders and the cell types in which the disease mechanisms are likely active.

  Study EGAS00001006345

• H3Africa - Genomic and Environmental Risk Factors for Cardiometabolic Disease in Africans

  The long-term vision of the AWI-Gen Collaborative Centre (CC) is to build sustainable capacity in Africa for research that leads to an understanding of the interplay between genetic, epigenetic and environmental risk factors for obesity and related cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) in sub-Saharan Africa. The CC will be consolidated under the auspices of the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits) and the International Network for the Demographic Evaluation of Populations and Their Health in Developing Countries (INDEPTH). It will capitalize on the unique strengths of existing longitudinal cohorts, including the urban Soweto and rural Agincourt studies in South Africa (Wits based), and the well established INDEPTH demographic health and surveillance centers in Kenya, Ghana, Burkina Faso and South Africa. The centers offer established infrastructure, trained fieldworkers, long-standing community engagement, and detailed longitudinal phenotypic data, focusing on obesity and cardiometabolic health. Key strengths are harmonized phenotyping across sites, building on strong existing cohorts, and representation of the geographic and social variability of African populations. We aim to: 1. Build sustainable infrastructure (biobanks and laboratories) and capabilities (well characterized population cohorts, genotyping and bioinformatics) for genomic research on the African continent; 2. Understand the genomic architecture of sub-Saharan populations from west, east and south Africa to guide genomic studies (genome sequencing and high throughput SNP and CNV arrays using unrelated individuals and family trios to improve the accuracy of haplotype analyses) and; 3. Investigate the independent and synergistic genomic contributions to body fat distribution (BMI, hip/waist circumference, subcutaneous and visceral fat) in these populations considering the relevant environmental and social contexts (rural/urban communities, quickly transitioning obesity prevalence, differential HIV, TB, and malaria infection histories). We will investigate the effect of obesity and fat distribution on the risk for CMD in the longitudinal cohorts.

  Study EGAS00001002482

• Epigenetic landscape of mixed phenotype leukemias

  Leukemias with ambiguous lineage comprise a number of loosely defined entities, often without a clear mechanistic basis. Here, we investigated a group of such leukemias with a CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP), previously identified as CEBPA-silenced AML. Transcriptomics and epigenomics analyses revealed a hybrid myeloid/lymphoid epigenetic landscape, whereas genetic alterations were heterogenous. This suggests that CIMP leukemias are defined by their shared epigenetic profile rather than a common genetic lesion. Gene expression enrichment showed strong similarity with ETP-ALL and an early lymphoid progenitor cell of origin. Accordingly, integration of differential methylation and expression revealed widespread silencing of myeloid transcription factors (TFs), among which CEBPA was key for differentiation arrest. Hypermethylation also resulted in loss of CTCF binding, accompanied by a few changes in chromatin interactions involving critical TFs like KLF4. In conclusion, epigenetic dysregulation, and not genetic lesions, explain the mixed phenotype of a group of CIMP leukemias resembling ETP-ALL.

  Study EGAS00001007094

• DNA-methylation variability in normal mucosa of patients with adenomatous polyps: a marker of field cancerization

  A study linking DNA methylation modifications in the normal mucosa of the right colon in individuals with adenomatous polyp formation

  Study EGAS00001007666

• Plasma pQTLs in INTERVAL cohort

  Human pQTLs using UK INTERVAL (Cambridge CEU) plasma samples. pQTL mapping of 3,283 protein analytes assayed using SomaLogic SOMAscan, across 10.6M imputed genetic variants, in 3,301 samples.

  Study EGAS00001002555

• The PEMDAC phase 2 study of pembrolizumab and entinostat in patients with metastatic uveal melanoma

  Patients with metastatic uveal melanoma (UM) have an abysmal prognosis. Preclinical studies have suggested that epigenetic therapy could enhance immunogenicity of cancer cells. Here we test if epigenetic therapy would enhance PD-1 immunotherapy in patients with metastatic UM. We report the results of the PEMDAC phase 2 clinical trial (n=29; NCT02697630) where the HDAC inhibitor entinostat was combined with the PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab in patients with metastatic UM. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR), and was met with an ORR of 14%. The clinical benefit rate at 18 weeks was 28%, median progression free survival was 2.1 months and the median overall survival was 13.4 months. Toxicities were manageable, and there were no treatment-related deaths. Extensive genomics studies were performed using DNA/RNA and single cell sequencing and flow cytometry. Objective responses and prolonged survival were seen in three patients with BAP1 wildtype tumors, and in one patient with an iris melanoma that exhibited a UV signature. Longer survival also correlated with low baseline ctDNA levels or LDH. In conclusion, HDAC inhibition and anti-PD1 immunotherapy results in durable responses in a subset of patients with metastatic UM. Further exploration of combined immunotherapy and epigenetic therapy in metastatic UM is warranted.

  Study EGAS00001005478

• The Proteogenomic Subtypes of Acute Myeloid Leukemia

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive blood cancer with poor prognosis. We report a comprehensive proteogenomic analysis of bone-marrow biopsies from 252 uniformly treated AML patients to elucidate the molecular pathophysiology of AML in order to inform future diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In addition to in-depth quantitative proteomics, our analysis includes cytogenetic profiling and DNA/RNA sequencing. We identify five proteomic AML subtypes, each reflecting specific biological features spanning genomic boundaries. Two of these proteomic subtypes correlate with patient outcome, but none are exclusively associated with specific genomic aberrations. Remarkably, one subtype (Mito-AML), which is only captured in the proteome, is characterized by high expression of mitochondrial proteins and confers poor outcome, with reduced remission rate and shorter overall survival upon treatment with intensive induction chemotherapy. Functional analyses reveal that Mito-AML is metabolically wired towards stronger complex I dependent respiration and is more responsive to treatment with the BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax.

  Study EGAS00001005950

• Epigenetic reprogramming shapes monocytes and heterologous T cell derived cytokine responses in BCG vaccination

  Study EGAS00001007498

• X chromosome dosage and the genetic impact across human tissues

  Study EGAS00001006996

• X chromosome dosage and the impact on the methylation pattern across human tissues

  Study EGAS00001007020

• DNA hypermethylation and differential gene expression associated with Klinefelter syndrome

  The molecular basis for the phenotypic traits and morbidity in Klinefelter syndrome (KS) are not clarified. As DNA methylation affect gene expression and thereby play a role in disease susceptibility, we performed genome-wide DNA methylation profiling of leucocytes from peripheral blood samples from 67 KS patients, 67 male controls and 33 female controls, in addition to genome-wide RNA-sequencing profiling in a subset of 9 KS patients, 9 control males and 13 female controls. Characterization of the methylome as well as the transcriptome of both coding and non-coding genes identified a unique epigenetic and genetic landscape of both autosomal chromosomes as well as the X chromosome in KS. A subset of genes show significant correlation between methylation values and expression values. Gene set enrichment analysis of differentially methylated positions yielded terms associated with well-known comorbidities seen in KS. In addition, differentially expressed genes revealed enrichment for genes involved in the immune system, wnt-signaling pathway and neuron development. Based on our data we point towards many new candidate genes (AKAP17A, AMOT, APOB, DACT1, DDX58, DOCK7, EIF2S3, FIGNL1, G3BP1, HENMT1, HERC5, IFI44, IFI44L, IFIT1, IFIT3, ISG15, KANK1, LGALS1, NSD1, PEX10, PLSCR1, RSAD2, SHROOM2, SLC25A6, SPEG, SPON2, TXLNG), which may be implicated in the phenotype and further point towards non-coding genes (RP13-216E22.4, RP13-36G14.4, G087825, G088512), which may be involved in X chromosome inactivation in KS and in the regulation of escape genes.

  Study EGAS00001002797

• Analysis of error profiles in deep next-generation sequencing data

  BackgroundSequencing errors are key confounding factors for detecting low-frequency genetic variants that are important for cancer molecular diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance using deep next-generation sequencing (NGS). However, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of errors introduced at various steps of a conventional NGS workflow, such as sample handling, library preparation, PCR enrichment, and sequencing. In this study, we use current NGS technology to systematically investigate these questions.ResultsBy evaluating read-specific error distributions, we discover that the substitution error rate can be computationally suppressed to 10-5 to 10-4, which is 10- to 100-fold lower than generally considered achievable (10-3) in the current literature. We then quantify substitution errors attributable to sample handling, library preparation, enrichment PCR, and sequencing by using multiple deep sequencing datasets. We find that error rates differ by nucleotide substitution types, ranging from 10-5 for A>C/T>G, C>A/G>T, and C>G/G>C changes to 10-4 for A>G/T>C changes. Furthermore, C>T/G>A errors exhibit strong sequence context dependency, sample-specific effects dominate elevated C>A/G>T errors, and target enrichment PCR led to aprox 6-fold increase of overall error rate. We also find that more than 70% of hotspot variants can be detected at 0.1% - 0.01% frequency with the current NGS technology by applying in-silico error suppression.ConclusionsWe present the first comprehensive analysis of sequencing error sources in conventional NGS workflows. The error profiles revealed by our study highlight new directions for further improving NGS analysis accuracy both experimentally and computationally, ultimately enhancing the precision of deep sequencing.

  Study EGAS00001003444

• Genetic and Functional Drivers of Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma

  Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common hematologic malignancy and is characterized by a striking degree of heterogeneity. We enrolled a total of 1001 DLBCL patients and comprehensively defined the landscape of genetic mutations, copy number alterations and expression through whole-exome and transcriptome sequencing. We identified 150 genetic drivers of DLBCL including many novel, clinically relevant genes (e.g. SPEN, SETD1B and KLHL14). Genetic drivers were highly enriched among essential genes identified by CRISPR screening in DLBCL cell lines including those of immediate potential therapeutic relevance such as MTOR, SYK, SF3B1 and XPO1. RHOA emerged as a critical driver gene from our genetic analysis and CRISPR screen; we further delineated its functional role in vitro and in vivo models to define its role as an essential oncogene in DLBCL. Our work thus identifies the functional landscape of genetic drivers and their clinical and therapeutic relevance in DLBCL patients.

  Study EGAS00001002606