3312 results for "*geneti*"

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• Clonal structure and oncogenic potential of liver cirrhosis tissues.

  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrently develops in cirrhotic liver composed of numbers of regenerative nodules (RNs). The biologic or genetic basis of RNs for hepatocarcinogenesis remains unclear at present. Thus, to uncover the basis of cirrhotic liver for multicentric tumorigenesis, we investigated the oncogenic potential of RNs in LC tissues using multi-omics analysis.

  Study JGAS000134

• Target sequencing of 27 cancer-predisposing genes in Japanese colorectal cancer patients

  Background: National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) recently recommended germline genetic testing for all pancreatic cancer patients. However, the genes targeted by genetic testing and the feasibility of selecting patients likely to carry pathogenic variants have not been sufficiently verified. The purpose of this study was to genetically characterize Japanese patients and examine whether the current guideline is applicable in this population. Methods: Using targeted sequencing, we analyzed the coding regions of 27 cancer-predisposing genes in 1,005 pancreatic cancer patients and 23,705 controls in Japan. We compared the pathogenic variant frequency between cases and controls and documented the demographic and clinical characteristics of carrier patients. We then examined if it was possible to use machine learning to predict carrier status based on those characteristics. Findings: We identified 205 pathogenic variants across the 27 genes. Pathogenic variants in BRCA2, ATM, and BRCA1 were significantly associated with pancreatic cancer. Characteristics associated with carrier status were inconsistent with previous investigations. Machine learning classifiers had a low performance in determining the carrier status of pancreatic cancer patients, while the same classifiers, when applied to breast cancer data as a positive control, had a higher performance that was comparable to that of the NCCN guideline. Interpretation: Our findings support the clinical significance of multigene panel testing for pancreatic cancer and indicate that at least 3.4% of Japanese patients may respond to poly (ADP ribose) polymerase inhibitor treatments. The difficulty in predicting carrier status suggests that offering germline genetic testing for all pancreatic cancer patients is reasonable.

  Study JGAS000346

• Defined Lifestyle and Germline Factors Predispose Asian Populations to Gastric Cancer

  Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality throughout the world, with the highest incidence in east-Asia. Although the somatic genetics of GC has extensively been characterized by recent advances in cancer genome sequencing, the germline and environmental effects on GC and their ethnic differences have poorly been understood. Here, we performed genomic scale trans-ethnic analysis of 531 GC cases (319 Asian and 212 non-Asians), by integrating east-Asian and public GC datasets. There is one distinct GC subclass with clear alcohol-associated mutation signature and strong Asian specificity, and almost all the cases in the subclass are attributable to alcohol intake behavior, smoking habit, and Asian-specific ALDH2 defective allele. Alcohol-related GCs have low mutation burden and a characteristic immune profile of increased B-cell infiltration into the tumor area in relation to cancer cell-intrinsic CXCL13 chemokine expression. In addition to germline variants of genes involved in BRCA pathways, we found frequent (7.4%) germline CDH1 variants among Japanese GCs. Most of them were attributed to a few recurrent SNVs shared by both Japanese and Koreans, suggesting the existence of common ancestral events and widespread distributions of these pathogenic variants among east-Asian populations. Specifically, approximately one-fifth of diffuse-type GCs were attributable to the combination of alcohol intake and defective-ALDH2 allele or to germline CDH1 variants. These results revealed uncharacterized impacts of germline variants and their interplays with lifestyles in the high incidence areas.

  Study JGAS000229

• Durable clinical impacts and mechanisms of action and resistance in histone K27 methylation-targeting epigenetic therapy

  Epigenomes allow the rectification of disordered cancer gene expressions, thereby providing new targets for pharmacological interventions in cancer therapy. The clinical utility of targeting histone H3 lysine tri-methylation (H3K27me3) as an epigenetic hallmark has been demonstrated. However, in actual therapeutic settings, the mechanism by which H3K27me3-targeting therapies exert their effects and the response of tumor cells remain unclear. Here we show the potency and mechanisms of action and resistance of a newly developed EZH1/2 dual inhibitor, valemetostat, in the clinical trials of patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). Valemetostat administration reduced the tumor size and demonstrated durable clinical benefits. Integrative single-cell analyses of patients before and after the administration of valemetostat showed that valemetostat abolishes the highly condensed chromatin structure formed by the plastic H3K27me3 and neutralizes multiple gene loci, such as tumor suppressor genes. Nevertheless, subsequent long-term treatment encounters the emergence of resistant clones with reconstructed aggregate chromatin that closely resemble the pre-dose state. The acquired mutations at the EZH2���compound interface result in the propagation of the clones with re-increased H3K27me3. In patients free of this mutation, TET2 mutation or elevated DNMT3A expression causes similar chromatin recondensation through de novo DNA methylation at the H3K27me3-associated regions. We identified subpopulations with distinct metabolic and gene translation characteristics implicated in primary susceptibility until the acquisition of the heritable (epi)mutations. Targeting chromatin homeostasis might provide opportunities for further sustained epigenetic cancer therapies.

  Study JGAS000553

• Searching for rare/low frequency variants in rheumatoid arthritis by exome sequencing

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a multifactorial and systemic autoimmune disease and characterized by synovial inflammation and hyperplasia, autoantibody production, cartilage and bone destruction and systemic features including cardiovascular, pulmonary, psychological and skeletal disorders. Although the causality of RA is not completely understood, genetic factors contribute to the onset. About 60% of the RA risk is genetic. To identify causative- or susceptible- rare/low-frequency variants in RA, exome sequencing of 39 patients with RA was conducted. We also conducted genotyping of pooled healthy men and women exome-sequencing data.

  Study JGAS000035

• 3.5KJPNv2, an allele frequency panel of 3,552 Japanese individuals

  In the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project, we have conducted whole-genome sequencing of nearly 4,000 individuals from a Japanese population, and constructed an allele frequency panel of 3,552 individuals (3.5KJPNv2) after removing genetically related individuals. The 3.5KJPNv2 was constructed by using a standard pipeline including the 1KGP and gnomAD algorithms to reduce technical biases and to allow comparisons to other populations. The 3.5KJPNv2 includes variants in chromosome X and mitochondrial genome as well as autosome. The submitter has changed the access level of this study from controlled-access [Type I] to un-restricted access since 11th, January, 2019. The un-restricted access data ?hum0015.v3.3.5kjpnv2.v1? are available at the NBDC site: https://humandbs.biosciencedbc.jp/en/hum0015-v3. This study does not contain any controlled-access dataset.

  Study JGAS000159

• Submission 150 - study_title 1

  Submission 150 - description 1

  Study EGAS50000000234

• Using genetics to identify cell types and mechanisms underlying susceptibility to primary sclerosing cholangitis

  Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a T-cell mediated, chronic inflammatory condition of the biliary tree that is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Genome-wide association studies have identified 22 non-HLA genetic risk variants associated PSC. Identifying the genes impacted by these variants has proven difficult as the majority lie in non-coding regions of the genome. Knowledge of the genes and biological pathways these non-coding variants are perturbing is vital to understanding the disease biology. One means of assessing the impact of non-coding variants within disease associated loci upon genes is via colocalisation with eQTL. Many eQTL are cell-type specific, requiring the analysis of disease relevant cell types to detect colocalisation. We have collected PSC-relevant T-cell-subtypes from the peripheral blood of PSC patients via fluorescence activated cell sorting in preparation for RNA sequencing and mapping of eQTL. Samples were collected at the Norfolk and Norwich University Hopital, for which local ethical approval has been granted. Lysed cell samples will be transferred to WTSI and DNA/RNA will be extracted from lysed cell samples by T143 before genotyping (DNA) and custom library preparation and sequencing (RNA). This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Dataset EGAD00001011815

• Clinical and genetic factors associated with tumor response to neoadjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy, survival and recurrence risk in rectal cancer

  Rectal cancer poses challenges in preoperative treatment response, with up to 30% achieving a complete response (CR). Personalized treatment relies on accurate identification of responders at diagnosis. This study aimed to unravel CR determinants, overall survival (OS), and time to recurrence (TTR) using clinical and targeted sequencing data. Analyzing 402 patients undergoing preoperative treatment, tumor stage, size, and treatment emerged as robust response predictors. CR rates were higher in smaller, early-stage, and intensively treated tumors. Targeted sequencing analyzed 216 cases, while 120 patients provided hotspot mutation data. KRAS mutation dramatically reduced CR odds by over 50% (odds ratio [OR]=0.3 in the targeted sequencing and OR=0.4 hotspot cohorts, respectively). In contrast, SMAD4 and SYNE1 mutations were associated with higher CR rates (OR=6.0 and 6.8, respectively). Favorable OS was linked to younger age, CR, and low baseline carcinoembryonic antigen levels. Notably, CR and an APC mutation increased TTR, while a BRAF mutation negatively affected TTR. Beyond tumor burden, SMAD4 and SYNE1 mutations significantly influenced CR. KRAS mutations independently correlated with radiotherapy resistance, and BRAF mutations heightened recurrence risk. Intriguingly, nonresponding tumors with initially small sizes carried a higher risk of recurrence. These findings offer insights into rectal cancer treatment response, guiding personalized therapeutic strategies. By uncovering factors impacting CR, OS, and TTR, this study underscores the importance of tailored approaches for rectal cancer patients. These findings, based on extensive analysis and mutation data, pave the way for personalized interventions, optimizing outcomes in the challenges of rectal cancer preoperative treatment.

  Study EGAS00001007501

• Clinical and genetic factors associated with tumor response to neoadjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy, survival and recurrence risk in rectal cancer

  Dataset consists of 216 samples, with each sample having a BAM, BAI and VCF file.

  Dataset EGAD00001011297

• Cancer Epigenetics Group

  Dac EGAC00001003349

• Dataset that contains runs of submission 168

  Description of runs dataset of submission 168

  Dataset EGAD50000000264

• PSC

  Genetic characterisation of primary sclerosing cholangitis

  Dataset EGAD00010002633

• Genetic landscape of Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma

  Whole-exome sequence (WES) data of tumor-normal pairs from 40 ENKTCL patients and RNA sequence (RNA-seq) data of tumors from 20 ENKTCL patients.

  Dataset EGAD00001009852

• VIB CCB Translational Genetics Data Access Committee

  Dac EGAC00001003421

• This DAC takes care of requests for data for the Swiss epigenetic colorectal cancer cohort study, SWEPIC

  Dac EGAC00001003471

• Dataset that contains runs of submission 174

  Description of runs dataset of submission 174

  Dataset EGAD50000000269

• H3Africa - Identification and characterization of novel hereditary neurological disease genes in Mali.

  Despite the vast diversity of its populations, genetic studies in Africa have been limited. African populations, Malians in particular, have a high rate of intra-ethnic and consanguineous marriage, resulting in increased prevalence of autosomal recessive diseases. Family-based genetic studies can be limited in developed countries due to small sibships. The average fertility rate in Mali is over 6 births per woman, offering a unique opportunity to find new disease genes or mutations that can then be studied in other populations. Hereditary neurological diseases are very debilitating diseases, and developing countries, particularly in Africa, pay a high price in terms of disability-adjusted life years. Although most are currently untreatable, increasing awareness about hereditary neurological disorders can reduce this burden. This study will help to identify and characterize novel hereditary neurological disease genes in Mali. These genes are likely to be important in the normal function of the nervous system and to have important pathophysiological implications for African and other populations. This study will also train physicians and students in the characterization of neurodegenerative diseases as well as in genetic technology and molecular biology, and build a suitable research environment that will retain them.

  Study EGAS00001003016

• Comprehensive analyses of clinicopathological features and genomic mutations of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma

  Combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CCA) is a rare primary liver cancer. We performed whole exome sequencing to clarify the relationship between genetic mutations and clinicopathological features in cHCC-CCA.

  Study JGAS000599

• RNA sequencing of genetically modified human iPSCs modeling patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD)

  We generated two genetically modified iPSC lines. In each line, a single promoter variant identified in a patient with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was introduced by using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. These mutant lines were analyzed by RNA-seq together with control lines to assess the impact of the introduced variant.

  Study JGAS000651

• Discovery of genetic factors associated with thiopurine-induced severe adverse events

  Despite NUDT15 variants showing significant association with thiopurine-induced adverse events (AEs) in Asians, it remains unclear whether additional genetic variants should be tested to predict AEs. To clarify it, we performed a genome-wide association study to discover additional variants associated with thiopurine-induced severe AEs, alopecia and leukopenia. GWASs of these AEs were performed with 1221 Japanese patients with inflammatory bowel disease using population-optimized genotyping array and imputation.

  Study JGAS000661

• Tumour evolvability metrics predict recurrence in advanced localised prostate cancer (tumour data)

  There is a need for quantitative measurements of evolutionary metrics in controlled clinical trials with long term follow-up information. This is particularly true in advanced localised prostate cancer, which can recur more than a decade after diagnosis. Here we mapped genomic intra-tumour heterogeneity in 642 tumour samples from 114 patients who took part in the IMRT and DELINEATE clinical trials, for which full clinical information and 12y median follow-up was available. We concomitantly assessed phenotypic (morphological) heterogeneity using Deep Learning in 1,923 histological sections from 250 IMRT patients (fully overlapping with the genetic set). This study shows that combining genomics with AI-aided histopathology in clinical trials leads to novel clinical biomarkers. This EGA repository contains data produced from tumour samples using low coverage whole genome sequencing and a prostate cancer specific gene panel data following compression of unique molecular identifiers.

  Dataset EGAD00001010274

• Tumour evolvability metrics predict recurrence in advanced localised prostate cancer (normal data)

  There is a need for quantitative measurements of evolutionary metrics in controlled clinical trials with long term follow-up information. This is particularly true in advanced localised prostate cancer, which can recur more than a decade after diagnosis. Here we mapped genomic intra-tumour heterogeneity in 642 tumour samples from 114 patients who took part in the IMRT and DELINEATE clinical trials, for which full clinical information and 12y median follow-up was available. We concomitantly assessed phenotypic (morphological) heterogeneity using Deep Learning in 1,923 histological sections from 250 IMRT patients (fully overlapping with the genetic set). This study shows that combining genomics with AI-aided histopathology in clinical trials leads to novel clinical biomarkers. This EGA repository contains data produced from tumour samples using low coverage whole genome sequencing and a prostate cancer specific gene panel data following compression of unique molecular identifiers.

  Dataset EGAD00001010295

• DAC for the study molecular biomarkers associated with the diagnosis and severity of genetic and diseases from PAIDI-BIO354 GENYO-UGR)

  Dac EGAC00001003090

• NalaGenetics Data Access Committee

  Dac EGAC00001003475

• Dataset that contains runs of submission 163

  Description of runs dataset of submission 163

  Dataset EGAD50000000257

• Human genomic and phenotypic synthetic data for the study of rare diseases

  The purpose of this dataset is to facilitate development of technical implementations for rare disease data integration, analysis, discovery, and federated access. This synthetic dataset includes clinical and genomic data from 6 rare disease cases. It consists of 18 whole genomes (6 index cases with their parents) which have genetic background based on public human data sequenced in the context of the Illumina Platinum initiative (Eberle, MA et al. (2017)) and made available by the HapMap project (https://www.genome.gov/10001688/international-hapmap-project). In each of the cases, real causative variants correlating with the phenotypic data provided were spiked-in. The cases included in this synthetic dataset correspond to the following type of disorders: CASE 1- Congenital myasthenic syndrome (Autosomal Dominant -de novo variant) CASE 2- Macular dystrophy (Autosomal Dominant) CASE 3- Muscular dystrophy (Autosomal Recessive-compound heterozygous variants) CASE 4- Mitochondrial disorder (Autosomal Recessive-consanguineous case - homozygous variant) CASE 5- Breast cancer (Autosomal Dominant) CASE 6- Similar as case 1 for patient matchmaking tests: Congenital myasthenic syndrome (Autosomal Dominant-de novo variant) For each case you will be able to download the following data: clinical information (phenopackets per individual and pedigree per family), raw genomic data (FASTQ and BAMs) and processed genomic data (vcfs). When using the data, the following should be acknowledged: the RD-Connect GPAP (https://platform.rd-connect.eu/), EC H2020 project EJP-RD (grant # 825575), EC H2020 project B1MG (grant # 951724) and Generalitat de Catalunya VEIS project (grant # 001-P-001647).

  Study EGAS00001005702

• Structural variant analysis of homologous recombination-deficient genomes

  Homologous recombination (HR) deficiency causes DNA breaks and cytogenetic aberrations. Paradoxically, the types of DNA rearrangements specifically associated with HR-deficient cancers only minimally impact chromosomal structure. Addressing this, we combined a genome graph analysis of short-read whole genome sequencing (WGS) profiles across thousands of tumors with deep linked-read (LR) WGS of 46 BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutant breast cancers to discover a distinct class of HR deficiency-enriched rearrangements called reciprocal pairs. LR WGS showed that reciprocal pairs with identical rearrangement orientations gave rise to one of two distinct chromosomal outcomes, distinguishable only with long molecule data. While one (cis) outcome corresponded to the copy and pasting of a small segment to a distant site, a second (trans) outcome was a quasi-balanced translocation or multi-megabase inversion with substantial (10kb) duplications at each junction. The full spectrum of reciprocal pair outcomes could be explained by an HR-independent replication restart repair mechanism. LR WGS additionally identified single-strand annealing (SSA) as a BRCA2-deficiency specific repair pathway in human cancers. Replication restart- and SSA-associated SVs improved BRCA1- vs. BRCA2- deficiency classification and identified metastatic cancer cases with favorable chemotherapy responses. Our data reveal classes of BRCA1- and BRCA2-deficiency specific rearrangements as drivers of cytogenetic aberrations in HR deficient cells.

  Study EGAS00001007186

• Population_dynamics_in_abnormal_haematopoiesis

  Background: Our recent study has made direct insight into the clonal dynamics of blood cell production in an unperturbed setting in a human. Using whole genome sequencing to track acquired somatic mutations, we were able to construct a phylogenetic tree of different stem and progenitor cells and used this tree to determine the dynamics of mature blood cell production in longitudinal samples. These data set the baseline for understanding population dynamics in abnormal haematopoiesis, and how malignant clones outcompete their normal counterparts to drive haematological malignancies. Aim: This study will measure population dynamics in abnormal human haematopoiesis in patients with clonal blood stem cell disorders. Methods: From patient bone marrow or peripheral blood, we have isolated colonies grown from single blood stem cells/progenitors. Colony DNA will be analysed by whole-genome sequencing to build (or populate) a phylogenetic tree to determine clonal relationships and track stem cell contribution to mature blood cell production. These data will also reveal disease-associated genomic features (mutational burden and mutational signatures) in haematopoietic cells.

  Study EGAS00001003181

• H3Africa - Genomic Characterization and Surveillance of Microbial Threats in West Africa

  Viral diseases are remarkably heterogeneous in their presentation and clinical course. Although diseases such as Lassa Fever and Ebola Virus Disease are thought to be severe and rapidly fatal, they can often present with mild symptoms or remain asymptomatic. Host genetic variability is likely an important mediator of this heterogeneity. Complete characterization of the clinical, laboratory, and host genetic features of these illnesses is not only imperative to rapid diagnosis and effective clinical care, but also important for further scientific study. In this project, we propose to address this need through deep characterization of the clinical and laboratory features of viral disease and through study of genetic mediators of resistance to Lassa Fever and Ebola Virus Disease. Will carry out deep clinical characterization and laboratory assessment of viral febrile cases at two West African Collaborative Centers, and will use this data to develop prognostic models using cutting-edge tools in exploratory data visualization and machine learning. Investigate host genetic factors of Lassa Fever and Ebola Virus Disease through genome-wide association studies. We will then develop field-deployable genotyping assays for the top-associated variants, and apply them in new cohorts to replicate our findings and investigate patterns of genetic resistance in clinical subgroups. This project can shed light on the clinical manifestations of viral illness and their host genetic mediators, leading to potential new insights in disease biology and pathophysiology. We will also create a rich resource of clinical, laboratory, and genetic data for these illnesses in two countries in West Africa, which will serve as a foundation for advancing the clinical care and scientific study of viral disease in the region.

  Study EGAS00001007250

• The Genetic Landscape of Ocular Adnexa MALT Lymphoma Reveals Frequent Aberrations in NFAT and MEF2B Signaling Pathways

  A comprehensive constellation of somatic non-silent mutations and copy number (CN) variations in ocular adnexa marginal zone lymphoma (OAMZL) is unknown. By utilizing whole-exome sequencing in 69 tumors we define the genetic landscape of OAMZL. Mutations and CN changes in CABIN1 (30%), RHOA (26%), TBL1XR1 (22%), and CREBBP (17%) and inactivation of TNFAIP3 (26%) were among the most common aberrations. Candidate cancer driver genes cluster in the B-cell receptor (BCR), NFkB, NOTCH and NFAT signaling pathways. One of the most commonly altered genes is CABIN1, a calcineurin inhibitor acting as a negative regulator of the NFAT and MEF2B transcriptional activity. CABIN1 deletions enhance BCR-stimulated NFAT and MEF2B transcriptional activity, while CABIN1 mutations enhance only MEF2B transcriptional activity by impairing binding of mSin3a to CABIN1. Our data provide an unbiased identification of genetically altered genes that may play a role in the molecular pathogenesis of OAMZL and serve as therapeutic targets.

  Study EGAS00001006631

• ATAC-seq/ChIP part

  Epigenetics: ATAC-seq and ChIP-seq data

  Study EGAS00001006520

• Duplexseq_of_the_interstrand_crosslinks_WGS

  One of the most dangerous forms of DNA damage are interstrand crosslinks (ICLs), which covalently crosslink the two strands of the DNA double helix. The repair of these lesions is crucial for cellular survival due to their ability to block transcription and DNA replication. Initially, the major pathway that has been described in ICL repair involves a network of 22 genes that are mutated in a severe human genetic disease known as Fanconi Anemia (FA). Using synthetic lethality screens in the near-haploid human HAP1 cell line, we recently identified two potentially novel regulators of ICL repair, C1orf112 and THAP12. Loss of C1orf112 and THAP12 causes hypersensitivity to ICL-inducing DNA damaging agents, such as Mitomycin C (MMC). Additionally, C1orf112-depleted cells show elevated levels of micronuclei and accumulation of DNA damage in S-phase. To better understand how C1orf112 and THAP12 mediate the repair of ICLs, we want to perform mutational signature analysis, using the BotSeq method. Therefore, WT, C1orf112 and THAP12 knockout cells were cultured in vehicle or MMC treated conditions for 10 days and the genomic DNA was isolated. FANCA and FANCD2 knockout cells are taken along as controls in this experimental setting.

  Study EGAS00001006545

• Genomic evolution and transcriptional changes in the evolution of prostate cancer into neuroendocrine and ductal carcinoma types (RNAseq)

  Prostate cancer is typically of acinar adenocarcinoma type but can occasionally present as neuro-endocrine and/or ductal type carcinoma. These are associated with clinically aggressive disease and the former often arises on a background of androgen deprivation therapy, although it can al-so arise de novo. Two prostate cancer cases were sequenced by exome capture from archival tis-sue. Case 1 was de novo small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and ductal adenocarcinoma with 3 longitudinal samples over 5 years. Case 2 was a single time point after development of treatment related neuroendocrine prostate carcinoma. Case 1 showed whole genome doubling in all sam-ples and focal amplification of AR in all samples except the first time point. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a common ancestry for the ductal and small cell carcinoma. Case 2 showed 13q loss (involving RB1) in both adenocarcinoma and small cell carcinoma regions, and 3p gain, 4p loss, 17p loss (involving TP53) in the latter. By using highly curated samples, we demonstrate for the first time that small cell neuroendocrine and ductal prostatic carcinoma can have a common an-cestry and the process of evolution over time. We highlight whole genome doubling in a patient with prostate cancer relapse, reinforcing its poor prognostic nature.

  Study EGAS00001007428

• SudanMitoSeq: Sudanese mitochondrial sequencing

  In various contexts, mitochondrial function or dysfunction can be linked to mitochondrial genome variations. The use of mitochondrial genetics thus promises personalized diagnostics and treatments. In order to devise specific precision medicine approaches based on mitochondrial genetic variation and to test them within clinical studies, control data is indispensable. Such control data needs to comprehensively cover genetic variation commonly observed and thus expected. In the context of this study we assessed whether current, world-wide mitochondrial data sufficiently represents the region of North and East Africa, that is, whether current reference data is ready for precision medicine in this region. Towards this, we sequenced mitochondrial genomes of 159 Sudanese individuals provided as part of this EGA study and analyzed them together with various other, publicly available data concerning mitochondrial variation. For details, please refer to the publication.

  Study EGAS00001005669

• Genomic evolution and transcriptional changes in the evolution of prostate cancer into neuroendocrine and ductal carcinoma types

  Prostate cancer is typically of acinar adenocarcinoma type but can occasionally present as neuro-endocrine and/or ductal type carcinoma. These are associated with clinically aggressive disease and the former often arises on a background of androgen deprivation therapy, although it can al-so arise de novo. Two prostate cancer cases were sequenced by exome capture from archival tis-sue. Case 1 was de novo small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and ductal adenocarcinoma with 3 longitudinal samples over 5 years. Case 2 was a single time point after development of treatment related neuroendocrine prostate carcinoma. Case 1 showed whole genome doubling in all sam-ples and focal amplification of AR in all samples except the first time point. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a common ancestry for the ductal and small cell carcinoma. Case 2 showed 13q loss (involving RB1) in both adenocarcinoma and small cell carcinoma regions, and 3p gain, 4p loss, 17p loss (involving TP53) in the latter. By using highly curated samples, we demonstrate for the first time that small cell neuroendocrine and ductal prostatic carcinoma can have a common an-cestry and the process of evolution over time. We highlight whole genome doubling in a patient with prostate cancer relapse, reinforcing its poor prognostic nature.

  Study EGAS00001007412

• Revealing active mutational processes in tumours using DigiPico/MutLX at unprecedented accuracy

  Active mutational processes in a tumor result in genetic micro-heterogeneity that can determine the tumor’s evolutionary trajectory. Identification of these processes by studying micro-heterogeneity can unveil novel aspects of tumor evolution with potential therapeutic implications. Such studies, however, are inherently problematic because of the discovery of excessive false positive mutations. Here we report the optimization and validation of a robust whole genome sequencing and analysis pipeline (DigiPico/MutLX) that virtually eliminates false positive results. Using our method, we identified, for the first time, a sub-clonal local hyper-mutation (kataegis) event in a recurrent ovarian carcinoma, which was unidentifiable from the bulk WGS data of the same tumor. Overall, we propose DigiPico/MutLX method as a powerful framework for the reliable study of genetic micro-heterogeneity in tumor and normal tissues.

  Study EGAS00001003555

• Whole genome sequencing with linked reads of pediatric glioblastoma samples

  Pediatric glioblastoma (pGBM) is a lethal cancer with no effective therapies. To understand mechanisms of tumor evolution in this cancer, we performed whole genome sequencing with linked reads on longitudinally resected pGBM samples. Our analyses showed that all diagnostic and recurrent samples were collections of genetically diverse subclones. Clonal composition rapidly evolved at recurrence, with less than 8% of non-synonymous single nucleotide variants being shared in diagnostic-recurrent pairs. In order to track the origins of the mutational events we observed in pGBM, we generated whole genome datasets for two patients and their parents. These trios showed that genetic variants could be (i) somatic, (ii) inherited from a healthy parent, or (iii) arose de novo in the germlines of pGBM patients. Analysis of variant allele frequencies supported a model of tumor growth involving slow-cycling cancer stem cells that give rise to fast-proliferating progenitor-like cells and to non-dividing cells. Interestingly, radiation and anti-mitotic chemotherapeutics did not increase overall tumor burden upon recurrence. These findings support an important role for slow-cycling stem cell populations in contributing to recurrences, since slow-cycling cell populations are expected to be less prone to genotoxic stress induced by these treatments and to accumulate few mutations. Our results highlight the need for new targeted treatments that account for the complex functional hierarchies and genomic heterogeneity of pGBM.

  Study EGAS00001003432

• Egyptref: An integrated personal and population-based Egyptian genome reference

  North African individuals are not represented in current genetic data sets. To address this issue, we generated an integrated personal and population-based Egyptian genome reference called Egyptref. Towards this end, we performed a human de novo assembly of an Egyptian individual using long PacBio reads (99x genome coverage) and polished it using Illumina short reads (90x). Variants were phased using 10x Genomics linked reads (80x). This personal genome was complemented with whole genome sequencing-based variant data of 109 further Egyptians and mitochondrial haplogroups from mtDNA sequencing of 326 further Egyptians (of which 100 individuals from EGAD00001001372/EGAD00001001380) to obtain a population-based genome. We used Egyptref for assessing the impact of genetic variation, e.g. by integration of blood RNA sequencing data of the assembly individual.

  Study EGAS00001004303

• Genotype data from 'Evidence of the interplay of genetics and culture in Ethiopia'

  Study EGAS00001005171

• Evolutionary predictability of genetic versus non genetic resistance to anticancer drugs in melanoma

  Therapy resistance arises from heterogeneous drug-tolerant persister cells or minimal residual disease (MRD) through genetic and nongenetic mechanisms. A key question is whether specific molecular features of the MRD ecosystem determine which of these two distinct trajectories will eventually prevail. We show that, in melanoma exposed to MAPK therapeutics, emergence of a transient neural crest stem cell (NCSC) population in MRD concurs with the development of nongenetic resistance. This increase relies on a GDNF-dependent signaling cascade, which activates the AKT survival pathway in a focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-dependent manner. Ablation of the NCSC population through FAK inhibition delays relapse in patient-derived tumor xenografts. Strikingly, all tumors that ultimately escape this treatment exhibit resistance-conferring genetic alterations and increased sensitivity to ERK inhibition. These findings identify an approach that abrogates the nongenetic resistance trajectory in melanoma and demonstrate that the cellular composition of MRD deterministically imposes distinct drug resistance evolutionary paths.

  Study EGAS00001005314

• The Asian Diversity Project: genotyping of 37 Asian populations and ethnic groups

  The Asian Diversity Project (ADP) assembled 37 cosmopolitan and ethnic minority populations in Asia that have been densely genotyped across over half a million markers to study patterns of genetic diversity and positive natural selection.

  Study EGAS00001002100

• Genetic determinants of glycated hemoglobin levels in the Greenlandic Inuit population

  We recently showed that a common genetic variant leads to a remarkably increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in the small and historically isolated Greenlandic population. Motivated by this, we aimed at investigating the genetic determinants for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C). We found no novel associations but saw that for 10 out of 15 known HbA1C loci that the effects in Greenlandic Inuit were similar to previously reported. One locus, ANK1, showed a significant ancestral population specific effect. Our results shed light on the genetics effects across ethnicites.

  Study EGAS00001002641

• UK Biobank whole cohort directly genotyped and imputed data (~500,000 participants)

  Genotype data is available for all 500,000 participants in the UK Biobank cohort. Genotyping has been performed using the Affymetrix UK BiLEVE Axiom array on an initial 50,000 participants and the remaining 450,000 participants have been genotyped using the Affymetrix UK Biobank Axiom® array. The two arrays are extremely similar (with over 95% common content).Quality control and imputation (to over 90 million SNPs, indels and large structural variants) has been performed by a collaborative group headed by the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics.The following data are available:* A clean set of QC’ed genotype calls* Confidence values that a genotype call is correct* Intensity data to generate cluster plots* Extensive QC information regarding SNPs and samples including SNP metrics, batch effects, population structure and relatedness* Imputed dataFor further information, please refer to the UK Biobank website

  Study EGAS00001002399

• 20_Matched_Pair_Breast_Cancer_Genomes

  We propose to definitively characterise the somatic genetics of 20 breast cancers through generation of comprehensive catalogues of somatic mutations by high coverage genome sequencing coupled with integrated transcriptomic data.

  Study EGAS00001000170

• H3Africa - Collaborative African Genomics Network

  Genomic studies have become one of the potential tools that could aid in the understanding of disease. HIV disease progression and active TB infection have been studied using these genomic methods to interrogate host factors associated with these diseases and their progression. Prior work has focused on adult populations and limited African cohorts. The Collaborative African Genomics Network aims to fill this gap by conducting HIV and TB disease mapping studies in African children to understand how genetic variation impacts disease progression through the use of genomic technologies.

  Study EGAS00001002656

• H3Africa - An integrated approach to the identification of genetic determinants of susceptibility to trypanosomiasis

  The objective of the TrypanoGEN project is to discover genetic variants associated with different responses to sleeping sickness infection. The project was designed in two phases:Phase 1) Variant discovery; 222 samples were sequenced to approximately 10X coverage on an Illumina 2500 with 2x150bp reads, at the University of Liverpool Center for Genomic Research. In addition, 77 samples from Cameroon and Zambia were sequenced to approximately 30X Coverage at Baylor College of Medicine. The sequenced reads were mapped onto the 1000 genomes project human_g1k_v37_decoy reference genome using BWA. The SNP calling on all the samples was done using the genome analysis tool kit GATK v3.4. Samples were selected from seven populations where Trypanosomiasis is endemic: Nilo-Saharan speakers from North-West Uganda and Niger-Congo speakers from South-East Uganda, DRC, Ivory Coast, Guinea, Cameroon and Zambia. The samples included 182 controls, 97 cases, 17 latent infections and 3 suspect cases. Phase 2) Variants discovered in Phase 1 will be used in the development of the H3Africa SNP chip. This chip will then be used in a GWAS study to identify variants associated with trypanosomiasis.

  Study EGAS00001002602

• H3Africa - Kidney Disease Research Network

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects an estimated 14% of adults in sub-Saharan Africa but very little research has been done on the etiology, progression and prevention of CKD on the continent. As part of the Human Heredity and Health in Africa (H3A) Consortium, the H3Africa Kidney Disease Research Network was established to study prevalent forms of kidney disease in sub-Saharan Africa and increase the capacity for genetics and genomics research. The study is performing comprehensive phenotypic characterization with analysis of environmental and genetic factors from seven clinical centers in two African countries (Ghana and Nigeria) over a five-year period. Approximately 4,000 participants with specified kidney disease diagnoses and 4000 control participants will be enrolled in the four African countries. In addition, approximately 50 families with hereditary glomerular disease will be enrolled. The study includes both pediatric and adult participants ages <1 to 74yrs across a broad spectrum of kidney diseases secondary to hypertension, diabetes, human immunodeficiency virus, sickle cell disease, biopsy-proven glomerular disease and CKD of unknown origin. Clinical and demographic data with biospecimens are collected for assessment of clinical, biochemical and genetic markers of kidney disease.

  Study EGAS00001006558

• Timing the Philadelphia chromosome and trajectory to chronic myeloid leukaemia

  We sequence >1000 whole genomes from 9 patients with CML, providing the largest sequencing dataset for this cancer. We reconstruct phylogenetic trees using somatic mutations and infer BCR::ABL1 timing and tumour growth rates. We correlate mutation landscapes and clonal trajectories with clinical features.

  Dataset EGAD00001015353

• Swiss dataset runs test

  Dataset runs

  Dataset EGAD50000000282