5731 results for "canc*"

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• Kidney_tumour_DNA

  This is a bulk DNA and RNA sequencing study of human renal tumours

  Study EGAS00001002486

• Pharmacogenomic landscape of patient-derived cells informs precision oncology therapy

  Outcomes of anticancer therapy vary dramatically among patients, which may be caused by the specific molecular alterations in each patient’s tumor. Precision oncology aims to apply optimal therapies for each tumor based on its molecular characteristics. We have established a resource reporting the genomic and transcriptomic profiles of 462 patient tumor-derived cells (PDCs) across 14 cancer types, together with responses to 60 targeted agents. Compared with long-term cultured cancer cell lines, PDCs better recapitulate the molecular profiles of the original tumors. Among other unreported associations, we identify molecular factors inducing resistance to EGFR inhibitors in glioblastoma, and we suggest repurposing ibrutinib (currently used in hematological malignancies) for EGFR-specific therapy in gliomas. Lastly, using a retrospective clinical study, we find that PDC-derived sensitivities can be used to predict patient responses.

  Study EGAS00001002515

• Bulk RNAseq gene expression of baseline tumors from metastatic urothelial bladder cancer patients (IMvigor210) and metastatic renal cell carcinoma (IMmotion150)

  We examined tumors from a large cohort of patients with metastatic urothelial bladder cancer (mUC) and metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) treated with an anti-PD-L1 agent (atezolizumab) and found that high tumor IL8 gene expression was associated with worse overall survival (OS). We further identified the tumoral immune presence based on Teff signature. We found that high tumor IL8 expression continued to be associated with worse OS even in inflamed tumors in mUC and mRCC.

  Study EGAS00001004386

• Deep whole genome ctDNA chronology of treatment-resistant prostate cancer

  Study EGAS00001005783

• Convergent evolution drives therapy resistance in DNA repair-deficient mCRPC

  Study EGAS00001007147

• CLL Genome

  The Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Genome Project aims to identify genetic alterations involved in the development and progression of the CLL, which are still unknown, with the objective of generating a comprehensive catalogue of genetic alterations in 500 independent tumours. The CLL Genome Project, as a contributing member of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC), has the purposes of creating diagnostic tools, discovering therapeutic targets and developing new strategies that will allow a customized therapy for CLL in order to make it more precise and effective. This study consists of two datasets. EGAD00001000023 described in the Nature paper (2011), Whole-genome sequencing identifies recurrent mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, and the dataset EGA00001000044 & & EGAD00001000083 described in the Nature (2011) paper, Exome sequencing identifies recurrent mutations of the splicing factor SF3B1 gene in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.Additional data generated within the ICGC-CLL genome project can be found in studies EGAS00001000374 and EGAS00001001306

  Study EGAS00000000092

• Hi-C analysis of metastatic prostate tumors

  DNA strands have a complex and highly structured three-dimensional shape within the nucleus that has profound but poorly characterized impacts on transcriptional activity. Herein, we performed the first integrated deep Hi-C sequencing on 80 metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer biopsy samples from the West Coast Dream Team consortium.

  Study EGAS00001006604

• Clonal fitness inferred from timeseries modeling of single cell cancer genomes

  Progress in defining genomic fitness landscapes in cancer by copy number alterations (CNA) has been impeded by lack of single cell and timeseries sampling. We generated 42,000 single cell whole genomes (scWGS) from breast epithelium and primary triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patient-derived xenografts (PDX) collected during multi-year time series. Using a Wright-Fisher population genetics model, we inferred reproducible CNA-defined clonal fitness dynamics induced by TP53 mutation and cisplatin chemotherapy, with accurate forecasting of experimentally enforced clonal competition dynamics. Drug treatment in three long-term serially passaged TNBC PDX resulted in cisplatin resistant clones that had shown low fitness in the untreated setting. By contrast high fitness clones from treatment naive controls were eradicated reflecting an inversion of the fitness landscape. Upon drug release selective pressure dynamics were reversed indicating a fitness cost of treatment resistance. Taken together, our findings reveal clonal fitness dynamics linked to CNA and therapeutic resistance in polyclonal tumours.

  Study EGAS00001004448

• Comprehensive genomic profiles of small cell lung cancer

  We have sequenced the genomes of 110 small cell lung cancers (SCLC), one of the deadliest human cancers. We found bi-allelic inactivation of TP53 and RB1 in nearly all the tumors analyzed, sometimes by complex genomic rearrangements. Two tumors with wild-type RB1 had evidence of chromothripsis leading to overexpression of Cyclin D1, revealing an alternative mechanism of Rb1 deregulation. Thus, loss of the tumor suppressors TP53 and RB1 is obligatory in SCLC. We further discovered somatic genomic rearrangements of TP73 that create an oncogenic version of this gene, TP73Δex2/3. In few cases, SCLC tumors exhibited kinase gene mutations, providing a possible therapeutic opportunity for individual patients. Finally, we observed inactivating mutations in NOTCH family genes in 25% of human SCLC. Accordingly, activation of Notch signaling in a pre-clinical SCLC mouse model dramatically reduced the number of tumors and extended the survival of the mutant mice. Furthermore, neuroendocrine gene expression was abrogated by Notch activity in SCLC cells. This first comprehensive study of somatic genome alterations in SCLC uncovers several key biological processes and identifies candidate therapeutic targets in this highly lethal form of cancer.

  Study EGAS00001000925

• Parallel sequencing of extrachromosomal circular DNAs and transcriptomes in single cancer cells

  Study EGAS00001007026

• Genetic landscape of pediatric Infant Acute Lymphoblastic leukemia

  We performed whole genome sequencing of tumor and normal DNA samples obtained from 22 infant ALL cases with MLL rearrangements. In addition, we sequenced 2 paired diagnostic-relapse samples. Using complementary pipelines, somatically acquired genetic changes were analyzed, including single nucleotide variations (SNVs), insertion/deletions, structural variations and copy number variations in the cancer genomes. In addition, exome sequencing was performed on paired diagnostic and normal DNA samples obtained from 20 cases of non-infant MLL rearranged leukemias and somatic mutations in the coding regions were identified.

  Study EGAS00001000246

• Integrative genomic analysis reveals cancer-associated mutations at diagnosis of CML in patients with high risk disease

  Genomic events associated with poor outcome in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are poorly understood. We performed whole exome sequencing, copy number variation and/or RNA-Seq for 65 patients to discover mutations at diagnosis and blast crisis (BC). Forty-six chronic phase patients with the extremes of outcome were studied at diagnosis. Cancer gene variants were detected in 15/27 patients (56%) with subsequent BC or poor outcome and in 3/19 optimal responders (16%), P=.007. Frequently mutated genes at diagnosis were ASXL1, IKZF1 and RUNX1. The methyltransferase SETD1B was a novel recurrently mutated gene. A novel class of variant associated with the Philadelphia translocation was detected at diagnosis in 11/46 patients (24%) comprising fusions and/or rearrangement of genes on the translocated chromosomes, with evidence of fragmentation, inversion and imperfect sequence reassembly. These were more frequent at diagnosis in patients with poor outcome: 9/27 (33%) versus 2/19 optimal responders (11%), P=.07. Thirty-nine patients were tested at BC and all had cancer gene variants, including ABL1 kinase domain mutations in 58%. However, ABL1 mutations co-occurred with other mutated cancer genes in 89% of cases, and these predated ABL1 mutations in 62% of evaluable patients. Gene fusions not associated with the Philadelphia translocation occurred in 42% of patients at BC and commonly involved fusion partners that were known cancer genes (78%). Genomic analysis revealed numerous relevant variants at diagnosis in patients with poor outcome and all patients at BC. Future refined biomarker testing of specific variants will likely provide prognostic information to facilitate a risk-adapted therapeutic approach.

  Study EGAS00001003071

• High intensity sequencing of plasma cfDNA and WBC gDNA

  We sought to define the technical feasibility of a high-intensity sequencing assay of cfDNA and matched white-blood cell (WBC) DNA covering a large genomic region (508 genes, 2Mb, 60,000x raw-depth) in a prospective study of 124 metastatic cancer patients, with contemporaneous matched metastatic tumor tissue biopsies, and age-matched 47 non-cancer controls.

  Study EGAS00001003755

• Characterization of four subtypes in morphologically normal tissue excised proximal and distal to breast cancer

  Our study provides insight into molecular alterations in HN tissues within the affected breast and offers a greater understanding of the spatial implications of these aberrations. This was achieved by performing a comprehensive analysis of RNA sequencing data and proteomic profiles from breast cancers (n=19) and their matched HN tissues (n=38), healthy breast from cosmetic reduction mammoplasty (RM; n=5), and risk reducing mastectomies (RR, n=5), with peritumoral samples excised at proximal (TP, <2 cm) and distal (TD, 5-10 cm) sites from the primary tumor.

  Study EGAS00001004510

• UROMOL 2020 - RNA-seq data

  The molecular landscape in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is characterized by large biological heterogeneity with variable clinical outcomes. Here, we performed a large integrative multi-omics analysis of patients diagnosed with NMIBC (n=834). Transcriptomic analysis identifies four classes (1, 2a, 2b and 3) reflecting tumor biology and disease aggressiveness. Both transcriptome-based subtyping and the level of chromosomal instability provide independent prognostic value beyond established prognostic clinicopathological parameters.

  Study EGAS00001004693

• Intratumoral plasma cells predict outcomes to PD-L1 blockade in non-small cell lung cancer

  Inhibitors of the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) signaling axis are approved to treat non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, based on their significant overall survival (OS) benefit. Using transcriptomic analysis of 891 NSCLC tumors from patients treated with either the PD-L1 inhibitor atezolizumab or chemotherapy from two large randomized clinical trials, we found a significant B cell association with extended OS with PD-L1 blockade, independent of CD8+ T cell signals. We then derived gene signatures corresponding to the dominant B cell subsets present in NSCLC from single-cell RNA-seq data. Importantly, we found increased plasma cell signatures to be predictive of OS in patients treated with atezolizumab, but not chemotherapy. B cells were also associated with the presence of tertiary lymphoid structures and organized lymphoid aggregates. Our results suggest an important contribution of B and plasma cells to PD-L1 blockade efficacy in NSCLC.

  Study EGAS00001005013

• NSCCG CRC GWAS data

  Genotype data from 7,281 individuals with colorectal cancer. Genotyped on the Illumina OncoArray. Data has not been quality controlled. Data provided in plink format

  Study EGAS00001005412

• COIN CRC GWAS data

  Genotype data from the COIN and COIN-B trials of advanced/metastatic colorectal cancer. Data provided in plink format, and has been quality controlled. Control data used was from the WTCCC2 project National Blood Donors (NBS) Cohort (EGAD00000000024).

  Study EGAS00001005421

• The genomic and immune landscape of long-term survivors of high-grade serous ovarian cancer

  Less than half of all patients with advanced-stage high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSC) survive more than five years post-diagnosis but those who have an exceptionally long survival could provide insights into tumor biology and therapeutic approaches. We analyzed 60 patients with advanced-stage, HGSC who survived more than 10 years after diagnosis using whole-genome sequencing, transcriptome, and methylome profiling of their primary tumor samples, comparing this data to 66 short- or moderate-term survivors. Tumors of long-term survivors were more likely to have multiple alterations in genes associated with DNA repair, and more frequent somatic variants resulting in an increased predicted neoantigen load. Patients clustered into survival groups based on genomic and immune cell signatures, including three subsets of patients with BRCA1 alterations with distinctly different outcomes. Specific combinations of germline and somatic gene alterations, tumor cell phenotypes, and differential immune responses appear to contribute to long-term survival in HGSC.

  Study EGAS00001005984

• Dynamics of sequence and structural cell-free DNA landscapes in small-cell lung cancer

  Patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) have an exceptionally poor prognosis, calling for improved real-time non-invasive biomarkers of therapeutic response. We performed targeted error-correction sequencing on 171 serial plasmas and matched white blood cell (WBC) DNA from 33 patients with metastatic SCLC who received systemic treatment with chemotherapy or immunotherapy-containing regimens. Tumor-derived sequence alterations and plasma aneuploidy were evaluated serially and combined to assess changes in total cell-free tumor load (cfTL). Longitudinal dynamic changes in cfTL were monitored to determine circulating cell-free tumor DNA (ctDNA) molecular response during therapy. Combined tiered analyses of tumor-derived sequence alterations and plasma aneuploidy allowed for assessment of ctDNA molecular response in all patients. Molecular responses captured the therapeutic effect and long-term clinical outcomes in a more accurate and rapid manner compared to radiographic imaging. Patients with sustained molecular responses had longer overall (log-rank p=0.0006) and progression-free (log-rank p<0.0001) survival, with molecular responses detected on average 4 weeks earlier than imaging. ctDNA analyses provide a rapid approach for the assessment of early on-therapy molecular responses and have important implications for the management of patients with SCLC, including the development of improved strategies for real-time tumor burden monitoring.

  Study EGAS00001006831

• RNA sequencing and Illumina 2.5M SNP array data collected from 675 commonly used human cancer cell lines.

  Tumor-derived cell lines have served as vital models to advance our understanding of oncogene function and therapeutic response1. Although substantial effort has been directed to defining the genomic constitution of cancer cell line panels2–4, the transcriptome – which represents the active program of a cell – remains understudied. Here, we describe RNA sequencing and SNP array analysis of 675 commonly used human cancer cell lines. We explore numerous transcriptome features including coding and non-coding gene expression, transcribed mutations, gene fusion and expression of non-human sequences. Aside from many known aberrations we find new surprising characteristics, including more than 2200 unique fusion gene pairs representing a vast, testable repertoire of oncogenic fusions, many of which have analogs found in primary human tumors. We show that a combination of multiple genome and transcriptome features in a novel pathway-based approach enhances prediction of response to various targeted therapeutics. Our results provide valuable new insights into these critical pre-clinical models and provide added context for interpreting the numerous studies that employ these widely used cell lines.

  Study EGAS00001000610

• Genome Landscape of High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer

  Patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) have experienced little improvement in overall survival, and standard treatment has not advanced beyond platinum-based combination chemotherapy, during the past 30 years. To understand the drivers of clinical phenotypes better, here we use whole-genome sequencing of tumour and germline DNA samples from 92 patients with primary refractory, resistant, sensitive and matched acquired resistant disease. We show that gene breakage commonly inactivates the tumour suppressors RB1, NF1, RAD51B and PTEN in HGSC, and contributes to acquired chemotherapy resistance. CCNE1 amplification was common in primary resistant and refractory disease. We observed several molecular events associated with acquired resistance, including multiple independent reversions of germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations in individual patients, loss of BRCA1 promoter methylation, an alteration in molecular subtype, and recurrent promoter fusion associated with overexpression of the drug efflux pump MDR1.

  Study EGAS00001000397

• Breast_Cancer_Somatic_Genetics_Study_

  We propose to definitively characterise the somatic genetics of ER+ve, HER2-ve breast cancer through generation of comprehensive catalogues of somatic mutations in 500 cases by high coverage genome sequencing coupled with integrated transcriptomic and methylation analyses.

  Study EGAS00001000195

• Contribution of allelic imbalance to colorectal cancer

  Point mutations in cancer have been extensively studied but chromosomal gains and losses have been more challenging to interpret due to their unspecific nature. Here we examine high-resolution allelic imbalance (AI) landscape in 1699 colorectal cancers, 256 of which have been whole genome sequenced (WGSed). The imbalances pinpoint 38 genes as plausible AI targets based on previous knowledge, and unbiased CRISPR-Cas9 knockout and activation screens identified altogether 79 genes within AI peaks regulating cell growth. Genetic and functional data implicates loss of TP53 as a sufficient driver of AI. The WGS highlights an influence of copy number aberrations on the rate of detected somatic point mutations. Importantly, the data reveal several associations between AI target genes, suggesting a role for a network of lineage-determining transcription factors in colorectal tumorigenesis. Overall, the results unravel the contribution of AI in colorectal cancer and provide a plausible explanation why so few genes are commonly affected by point mutations in cancers.

  Study EGAS00001002966

• Stratifying and Targeting Pediatric Medulloblastoma through Genomics

  In this project, genomic analyses of pediatric medulloblastoma samples, obtained through the international medulloblastoma consortium, will be performed. RNA and miRNA expression profiles of 1000 samples, representing all four subgroups (Wnt, Shh, Group C, and D), will be studied to identify novel subtypes within each subgroup. The resulting subtype-specific expression profiles will support the development of reliable and robust biomarkers to more accurately and reliably classify medulloblastomas for treatment in clinical trials. For that purpose, two assays will be developed: an antibody-based immunohistochemical assay and an orthogonal nucleic acid-based hybridization assay. Additional genomic DNA analysis of the 300 high risk subgroup cases will support the discovery of subgroup specific somatic mutations in order to inform current clinical trials of targeted therapies, and to identify genes and pathways already targeted in other diseases. Such therapies could be rapidly transitioned to Phase II trials in medulloblastoma. Furthermore, the discovery of somatic mutations could be used for developing as well as validating specific biomarkers. The project team will also try to identify risk factors that predispose children to this type of cancer.

  Study EGAS00001000273

• Transcriptional_analysis_of_cells_from_lungs

  To capture the full heterogeneity of the cellular types and states during HSPCs differentiation, haematopoietic progenitors will be obtained through column-enrichment of cells expressing CD34, a pan-progenitor marker for HSPCs. The samples from tumour and non-tumour lung tissue from different patients will be processed using the 10x Genomics platform. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001002649

• Genentech study of gallbladder cancer

  Genomic characterization of gallbladder cancer using Exome-Seq, RNA-Seq and low pass whole genome sequencing.

  Study EGAS00001003004

• Circulating tumor DNA, pathological and immunologic responses to neoadjuvant nivolumab or nivolumab plus relatlimab and chemoradiotherapy in resectable esophageal/gastroesophageal junction cancer

  Study EGAS00001007299

• Characterization of chromatin accessibility in metastatic prostate cancer

  The development of resistance to second-generation AR-signaling inhibitors (ARSIs) and progression to metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) represents a huge obstacle to the improvement of patients’ clinical outcomes. Lineage plasticity is a common mechanism that drives the development of mCRPC by changing chromatin conformation at regulatory elements affecting downstream gene activity. ATAC-seq is a popular technique that measures accessible chromatin regions. To better understand of potential epigenomic mechanisms of ARSI resistance in prostate cancer, in this study, we performed ATAC-seq on 70 mCRPC tissue biopsies from the SU2C/PCF West Coast Dream Team (WCDT) cohort.

  Study EGAS00001006698

• Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Molecular Subtypes Predict Differential Response to Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin

  The recommended treatment for patients with high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (HR-NMIBC) is tumor resection followed by adjuvant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) bladder instillations. However, only 50% of patients benefit from this therapy. In case of progression to advanced disease, patients must undergo a radical cystectomy with significant morbidity and have a poor clinical outcome. Identifying tumors least likely to respond to BCG can translate into alternative treatments, such as early radical cystectomy or novel targeted or immunotherapies. Here we present molecular profiling of 132 BCG-naive, HR-NMIBC patients, and 44 post-BCG recurrences (34 matched), which uncovered three distinct BCG Response Subtypes (BRS1-3). Patients with BRS3 tumors have reduced recurrence and progression-free survival compared to BRS1-2. BRS3 tumors expressed high EMT-basal markers and had an immunosuppresive profile, which was confirmed with spatial proteomics. Tumors which recurred post-BCG were enriched for BRS3. BRS stratification was validated in a second cohort of 151 BCG-naive HR-NMIBC patients and the molecular subtypes outperformed guideline recommended risk stratification based on clinicopathological variables. For clinical application, we validated that a commercially approved assay was able to accurately predict BRS3 tumors (AUROC 0.86). Our findings provide a potential clinical tool for improved identification of HR-NMIBC patients at the highest risk of progression, which can be used to select patients for early radical cystectomy or novel subtype-directed therapies.

  Study EGAS00001006879

• Genome Landscape of Primary Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

  The purpose of the Australian ICGC Pancreatic Cancer Genome Sequencing Initiativestudy is to identify the common driving mutations underlying the initiation anddevelopment of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma in a large cohort of pancreatic cancerpatients (n=350). Matched genome sequences will be generated from normal tissue(duodenum) and resected primary tumour tissue in each patient using exome andwhole genome sequencing. The complete repertoire of somatic mutations will bedetermined (substitutions, indels, copy number changes and structural changes).Where possible, matched transcriptome sequencing will also be carried out todetermine locus activity, which mutations are actively expressed and whichrearrangements give rise to gene-fusion transcripts.

  Study EGAS00001000154

• Targeting the DNA Repair Pathway in Ewing Sarcoma

  Ewing’s Sarcoma is a bone and soft tissue tumor that primarily affects adolescents and young adults. With current therapies, 70% of patients with localized disease survive but survival for metastatic and recurrent disease is poor. Whole genome sequencing of 19 Ewing’s Sarcoma tumors showed that STAG2 was mutated in 10% (2/19) of the tumors and STAG2 protein was absent in 14% (13/106) tumors by immunohistochemical staining. Previous studies have shown that glioblastoma cells lacking STAG2 are more sensitive to poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. We found that Ewing’s Sarcoma cell lines are sensitive to PARP inhibitors irrespective of STAG2 protein expression. Ewing Sarcoma cell lines are defective in double strand DNA break repair. PARP inhibitor cytotoxicity in Ewing’s Sarcoma cells was potentiated 10-1,000 fold by DNA damaging agents (irinotecan and temozolomide). To extend these studies in vivo, we developed an orthotopic Ewing’s Sarcoma mouse model and performed pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies with three different PARP inhibitors (BMN-673, olaparib and veliparib) in clinical development for pediatric cancer. Those data were used to design preclinical phase I studies to identify tolerable drug combinations for pilot efficacy testing (preclinical phase II). Based on the results of the preclinical phase I/II data, we performed a double blind, randomized, placebo controlled preclinical phase III trial with 274 mice in 15 treatment groups. Irinotecan administered in a low-dose protracted schedule optimized for pediatric patients was an effective DNA damaging agent to combine with olaparib and BMN-673 and was better tolerated than combinations with temozolomide. Combining olaparib or BMN-673 with irinotecan and temozolomide gave complete and durable responses in over 80% of the mice.

  Study EGAS00001000839

• PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative

  The goal of the PanCuRx TRI is to seek solutions to the high fatality rate of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most common type of pancreatic cancer, by generating new knowledge about the genetics and biology of the disease, mechanisms of how tumours grow and tailored treatment options. PDAC is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in Canada and is expected to become the second-leading cause of cancer death within the next decade. The current five-year survival rate of eight per cent is the lowest of all epithelial cancers. There are major clinical challenges to treating the disease, including the fact that PDAC spreads to other parts of the body early so surgical removal of the tumour benefits few patients, that PDAC has proven relatively resistant to systemic therapies such as chemotherapy and that there has been limited benefit from the use of newer molecular targeted agents. The PanCuRx team has created the world’s first resource of tumour-purified PDAC whole genomes; more than 500 PDAC samples, with combined clinical annotation, have been successfully sequenced and analyzed at the Ontario Institute for Cancer research in Toronto. The resulting clinical genomic resource created from this data has led to multiple new findings that have established a framework to better understand PDAC biology and lays the foundation for new genomic approaches to better understanding the disease. The team also launched a clinical trial called COMPASS (Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Advanced Ductal Pancreas Adenocarcinoma for Better Treatment Selection: A Prospective Study), which is recruiting patients with advanced PDAC (both locally advanced and metastatic) at The Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (PM) in Toronto. The study uses the molecular results from individual patient tumours to guide selection of better second line treatment on a case-by-case basis. The primary objective of the initial study was to assess the feasibility of collecting tumour materials from patients with advanced PDAC and delivering results within 56 days of biopsy. Having achieved this objective, the trial has expanded to other cancer centres across Canada. Pancreatic cancer is one of the most deadly forms of cancer and outcomes have not improved in four decades. The PanCuRx initiative is providing a better understanding of the disease and actively applying new knowledge to cancer patients through clinical trials. This knowledge will help to improve quality of life and prolong survival for pancreatic cancer patients worldwide.

  Study EGAS00001002543

• Direct Detection of Early-stage Cancers Using Circulating Tumor DNA

  Early detection and intervention are likely to be the most effective means for reducing morbidity and mortality of human cancer. However, development of methods for noninvasive detection of early-stage tumors has remained a challenge. We have developed an approach called targeted error correction sequencing (TEC-Seq) that allows ultrasensitive direct evaluation of sequence changes in circulating cell-free DNA using massively parallel sequencing. We have used this approach to examine 58 cancer-related genes encompassing 81 kb. Analysis of plasma from 44 healthy individuals identified genomic changes related to clonal hematopoiesis in 16% of asymptomatic individuals but no alterations in driver genes related to solid cancers. Evaluation of 200 patients with colorectal, breast, lung, or ovarian cancer detected somatic mutations in the plasma of 71, 59, 59, and 68%, respectively, of patients with stage I or II disease. Analyses of mutations in the circulation revealed high concordance with alterations in the tumors of these patients. In patients with resectable colorectal cancers, higher amounts of preoperative circulating tumor DNA were associated with disease recurrence and decreased overall survival. These analyses provide a broadly applicable approach for noninvasive detection of early-stage tumors that may be useful for screening and management of patients with cancer.

  Study EGAS00001002577

• Transcriptome sequencing of gingivo-buccal oral squamous cell carcinoma for integrative analysis: alterations in expression of genes attributable to methylation changes

  Gingivo-buccal oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC-GB) is the most common cancer among men in India and is associated with high mortality. Although OSCC-GB is known to be quite different from tongue cancer in its genomic presentation and its clinical behavior, it is treated identically as tongue cancer. Predictive markers of prognosis and therapy that are specific to OSCC-GB are, therefore, required. To achieve this, we have carried out transcriptome (n=72) profiling of paired tumor-normal tissues collected from OSCC-GB patients from India. RNA sequencing was performed on tumor and paired adjacent normal samples from 72 OSCC-GB patients. From each patient, total RNA was extracted from tumor and normal tissue samples using AllPrep DNA/RNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN). The quality and concentration of isolated total RNA were checked using Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer and NanoDrop 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The OD260/OD280 ratio was ≥ 2 and RNA Integrity Number (RIN) was ≥ 7.0 for all sequenced samples. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) was removed from the RNA samples, using Ribo-Zero Magnetic Kit (Epicentre). Sequencing libraries were prepared from rRNA depleted samples using TrueSeq RNA Sample Preparation Kit (Illumina). Each triplex cDNA library pool was sequenced as 100bp paired-end on HiSeq-2000 or HiSeq-2500 (Illumina). Protocols suggested by the manufacturers were used for all assays.

  Study EGAS00001003893

• 560 whole-genome sequenced breast cancers

  A comprehensive characterisation and analysis of 560 human breast cancers through genome-wide approaches including genomics, transcriptomics and epigenomics.

  Study EGAS00001001178

• MutWP1__CRUK_Grand_Challenge_Mutographs_of_Cancer__Oesophageal_adenocarcinoma

  The Mutographs project aims to advance our understanding of the causes of cancer through studies of mutational signatures. Led by Mike Stratton, together with Paul Brennan, Ludmil Alexandrov, Allan Balmain, David Phillips and Peter Campbell, this large-scale international research endeavour was awarded a Cancer Research UK Grand Challenge. Different patterns of somatic mutation are generated by the different environmental, lifestyle and genetic factors that cause cancer, many of them are still unknown. Within Mutographs, the International Agency for Research on Cancer is coordinating the recruitment of 5000 individuals with cancer (colorectal, renal, pancreatic, oesophageal adenocarcinoma or oesophageal squamous cancers) across 5 continents to explore whether different mutational signatures explain marked variation in incidence. In brief, through an international network of collaborators around the world, biological materials are collected, along with demographic, histological, clinical and questionnaire data. Whole genome sequences of tumour-germline DNA pairs are generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (40X and 20X depth respectively). Somatic mutational signatures are subsequently extracted by non-negative matrix factorisation methods and correlated with risk factors data. Through an enhanced understanding of cancer aetiology, Mutographs unprecedented effort is anticipated to outline modifiable risk factors, lead to new approaches to prevent cancer, and provide opportunities to empower early detection, refine high-risk groups and contribute to further therapeutic development.

  Study EGAS00001003702

• RNA-sequencing data from metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (mCRPC)

  The goal of this study is to characterize the transcriptional landscape of advanced prostate cancer

  Study EGAS00001005954

• Whole genome sequencing of primary and metastatic Melanoma cases in an Australian cohort.

  Melanoma is the fourth most common cancer in Australia and the leading cause of cancer death in young adults. The Australian Melanoma Genome Project (AMGP) is analysing whole genomes from melanomas. We include the results of whole genome sequencing (WGS) for a number of datasets that include cutaneous, acral and mucosal melanoma subtypes.

  Study EGAS00001001552

• Persistence of circulating tumor DNA in breast cancer patients during neoadjuvant treatment is a significant predictor of poor tumor response

  Purpose:Accurate assessment of response during neoadjuvant systemic treatment (NST) poses a major clinical challenge. Therefore, a minimally-invasive assessment of tumor response based on cell-free circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) may be beneficial to guide treatment decisions.Experimental Design: We profiled 93 genes in tissue from 193 early breast cancer patients. Patient-specific assays were designed to track ctDNA during NST from 145 patients with available plasma. ctDNA presence and levels were correlated with complete pathological response (pCR) and residual cancer burden (RCB) as well as with clinicopathologic characteristics of the tumor to identify potential proxies for ctDNA release. Moreover, we tested the predictive value of driver events identified in the tumor.Results:At baseline, ctDNA could be detected in 63/145 (43.4%) patients and persisted in 25/63 (39.7%) patients at mid-therapy (MT) and 15/63 (23.8%) patients at the end of treatment. ctDNA detection at MT was significantly associated with higher RCB (OR 0.062, 95% CI 0.01-0.48, P=0.0077). Out of 31 patients with detectable ctDNA at MT, 30 patients (96.8%) were non-responders (RCB II, n=8; RCB III, n=22) and only one patient responded to the treatment (RCB I). Considering all 145 patients with baseline (BL) plasma, none of the patients with RCB 0 and only 6.7% of patients with RCB I had ctDNA detectable at MT, while 30.6% and 29.6% of patients with RCB II/III, respectively, had a positive ctDNA result. Conclusion:Overall, our results demonstrate that the detection and persistence of ctDNA at mid-therapy may have the potential to negatively predict response to neoadjuvant treatment and identify patients who will not achieve pCR or be classified with RCB II/III.

  Study EGAS00001005798

• TGF-β attenuates tumour response to PD-L1 blockade by contributing to exclusion of T cells.

  We examined tumours from a large cohort of patients with metastatic urothelial bladder cancer (mUC) treated with an anti–PD-L1 agent (atezolizumab) and identified major determinants of clinical response and immune escape. Whole transcriptome profiles were generated for 368 patients using TruSeq RNA Access technology (Illumina). Somatic mutations were determined via whole exome sequencing for a subset of these patients. - Response was associated with CD8+ T effector cell phenotype and, to an even greater extent, high neoantigen or tumour mutation burden (TMB). On the other hand, lack of response was associated with a transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signature, particularly in patients with CD8+ T cells preferentially residing in collagen-rich matrix surrounding tumours. Integration of these three independent biological features provided the best basis for understanding outcome in this setting. -

  Study EGAS00001002556

• Molecular subsets in renal cancer determine outcome to checkpoint and angiogenesis blockade

  We conducted integrated multi-omics evaluation of 823 tumors from advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients and identified molecular subsets associated with differential clinical outcomes to angiogenesis blockade alone or with a checkpoint inhibitor. Unsupervised transcriptomic analysis revealed six molecular subsets with distinct angiogenesis, immune, cell cycle, metabolism, and stromal programs. While sunitinib was effective in subsets with high angiogenesis, atezolizumab+bevacizumab improved clinical benefit in tumors with high T-effector and/or cell cycle transcription. Somatic mutations in PBRM1 and KDM5C associated with high angiogenesis and AMPK/Fatty acid oxidation gene expression, while CDKN2A/B and TP53 alterations were more prevalent in tumors with increased cell cycle and anabolic metabolism. Sarcomatoid tumors exhibited low prevalence of PBRM1 mutations and angiogenesis markers, frequent CDKN2A/B, BAP1 and TP53 alterations, and increased PD-L1 expression. These findings can be applied to molecularly stratify advanced RCC patients, explain improved outcomes of sarcomatoid tumors to checkpoint blockade, and develop personalized therapies.

  Study EGAS00001004353

• BIOKEY: A single-cell catalogue of the dynamic changes underlying Checkpoint Immunotherapy response in Early Breast Cancer

  Checkpoint immunotherapy combined with neoadjuvant chemotherapy improves complete pathologic response in a subset of breast cancer patients. Here, we applied single-cell profiling to tumor biopsies collected before and during anti-PD1 therapy. One-third of tumors exhibited proliferative T-cells expanding along CD8+ or CD4+ lineages, which were either characterized by increased cytotoxicity and exhaustion or improved T-helper function, respectively. Lineage tracing in non-expanding tumors revealed at which point in the lineage T-cells were impaired, while gene expression modeling along these lineages revealed novel genes and underlying transcription factors involved in T-cell expansion. Interestingly, different dendritic and myeloid cell phenotypes could either stimulate or inhibit expanding T-cells, while cell-to-cell communication revealed an integrated immune context highly predictive of T-cell expansion, consisting of immune-stimulatory/-inhibitory interactions between cancer and various immune cell types. Our data yield unprecedented insights into the dynamic changes underlying checkpoint immunotherapy response in breast cancer.

  Study EGAS00001004809

• Detection and characterization of lung cancer using cell-free DNA fragmentomes

  Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death world-wide, largely due to its late diagnosis. Non-invasive approaches for assessment of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) provide an opportunity for detection and intervention that may have broader accessibility than current imaging approaches. Using a machine learning model for detecting tumor-derived cfDNA through genome-wide analyses of cfDNA fragmentation, we examined a prospective study of 365 individuals at risk for lung cancer (Lung Cancer Diagnostic Study, LUCAS), including 129 individuals ultimately diagnosed with lung cancer and 236 individuals determined to not have lung cancer. We externally validated the cancer detection model using an independent cohort of 385 non-cancer individuals and 46 predominantly early stage lung cancer patients. Combining fragmentation features with clinical risk factors and CEA levels followed by CT imaging detected 94% of patients with cancer across stages and subtypes, including 91% of stage I/II and 96% of stage III/IV, at 80% specificity. Genome-wide fragmentation profiles across ~13,000 ASCL1 transcription factor binding sites could be used to distinguish individuals with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) from those with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with high accuracy (AUC=0.98). Among individuals with lung cancer, a higher cfDNA fragmentation score was associated with tumor size and invasion, and represented an independent prognostic indicator of survival. These studies provide a facile approach for non-invasive detection of lung cancer and clinical management of this disease.

  Study EGAS00001005340

• Prostate cancer ancestral genomic disparity

  Prostate cancer is characterised by significant global disparity; mortality rates in SubSaharan Africa are double to quadruple those in Eurasia. Hypothesising unknown interplay between genetic and non-genetic factors, tumour genome profiling envisages contributing mutational processes. Through whole-genome sequencing of treatment-naïve prostate cancer from 183 ethnically/globally distinct patients (African versus European), we generate the largest cancer genomics resource for Sub-Saharan Africa. Identifying ~2 million somatic variants, Africans carried the greatest burden. We describe a new molecular taxonomy using all mutational types and ethno39 geographic identifiers, including Asian. Defined as Global Mutational Subtypes (GMS) A–D, although Africans presented within all subtypes, we found GMS-B to be ‘African-specific’ and GMS-D ‘African-predominant’, including Admixed and European Africans. Conversely, Europeans from Australia, Africa and Brazil predominated within ‘mutationally-quiet’ and ethnically/globally ‘universal’ GMS-A, while European Australians shared a higher mutational burden with Africans in GMS45 C. GMS predicts clinical outcomes; reconstructing cancer timelines suggests four evolutionary trajectories with different mutation rates (GMS-A, low 0.968/year versus D, highest 1.315/year). Our data suggest both common genetic factors across extant populations and regional environmental factors contributing to carcinogenesis, analogous to gene-environment interaction defined here as a different effect of an environmental surrounding in persons with different ancestries or vice versa. We anticipate GMS acting as a proxy to intrinsic and extrinsic mutational processes in cancers, promoting global inclusion in landmark studies.

  Study EGAS00001006425

• Detection of isoforms and genomic alterations by high-throughput full-length single-cell RNA sequencing in HGSOC

  Understanding the complex background of cancer requires genotype-phenotype information in single-cell resolution. Long-read single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), capturing full-length transcripts, lacked the depth to provide this information so far. Here, we increased the PacBio sequencing depth to 12,000 reads per cell, leveraging multiple strategies, including artifact removal and transcript concatenation, and applied the technology to samples from three human ovarian cancer patients. Our approach captured 152,000 isoforms, of which over 52,000 were novel, detected cell type- and cell-specific isoform usage, and revealed differential isoform expression in tumor and mesothelial cells. Furthermore, we identified gene fusions, including a novel scDNA sequencing-validated IGF2BP2::TESPA1 fusion, which was misclassified as high TESPA1 expression in matched short-read data, and called somatic and germline mutations, confirming targeted NGS cancer gene panel results. With multiple new opportunities, especially for cancer biology, we envision long-read scRNA-seq to become increasingly relevant in oncology and personalized medicine.

  Study EGAS00001006807

• METABRIC

  The elucidation of breast cancer subgroups and their molecular drivers requires integrated views of the genome and transcriptome from representative numbers of patients. We present an integrated analysis of copy number and gene expression in a discovery and validation set of 997 and 995 primary breast tumours, respectively, with long-term clinical follow-up. Inherited variants (CNVs, SNPs) and acquired somatic copy number aberrations (CNAs) were associated with expression in 40% of genes, although the landscape was dominated by cis and trans-acting CNAs. By delineating expression outlier genes driven in cis by CNAs, we identified putative cancer genes, including deletions in PPP2R2A, MTAP, and MAP2K4. Unsupervised analysis of paired DNA/RNA profiles revealed novel subgroups with distinct clinical outcomes, which reproduced in the validation cohort. These include a high-risk, ER-positive 11q13/14 cis-acting subgroup and a favourable prognosis subgroup devoid of CNAs. Trans-acting aberration 0152hotspots were found to modulate subgroup-specific gene networks, including a TCR deletion-mediated adaptive immune response in the 0152CNA-devoid sub-group and a Basal-specific chromosome 5 deletion-driven mitotic network. Our results provide a novel molecular stratification of the breast cancer population, derived from the impact of somatic copy number aberrations on the transcriptome.

  Study EGAS00000000083

• Follicular Lymphoma Whole Genome and Transcriptome Sequencing

  Study EGAS00001006646

• TRACERx 100: RNAseq data from the first 100 TRACERx tumours

  TRACERx (TRAcking Cancer Evolution through therapy (Rx)) is a prospective cohort study designed to investigate intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) in relation to clinical outcome, and to determine the clonal nature of driver events and evolutionary processes in early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study looks at the multi-region RNAseq data from the TRACERx100 cohort with high enough quality RNA available. There is RNAseq data from 164 regions (64 patients).

  Study EGAS00001003458

• UCSF Pediatric Bithalamic Glioma Genome Project

  Brain tumors are the most common solid tumors of childhood, and the genetic drivers and optimal therapeutic strategies for many of the different subtypes remain unknown. We performed targeted next-generation sequencing of approximately 500 cancer-associated genes on a cohort of 13 pediatric bithalamic diffuse gliomas, a lethal brain tumor of childhood for which the genetic basis is largely unknown. We identified that bithalamic diffuse gliomas harbor frequent mutations in the EGFR oncogene in the absence of accompanying gene amplification and only rare histone H3 mutation. These EGFR mutations were either small in-frame insertions within exon 20 (intracellular tyrosine kinase domain) or missense mutations within exon 7 (extracellular ligand-binding domain). Accompanying alterations included frequent TP53 mutation, CDK6 amplification or CDKN2C mutation, and BCOR and BCORL1 mutation or deletion.

  Study EGAS00001004033