3329 results for "*geneti*"

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• Exome Sequencing for Head and Neck Cancer Susceptibility

  This study seeks to find low frequency or rare genetic variants in genes carried by subjects from families with unexplained familial risk of head and neck cancer. Whole exome sequencing was used to identify genetic variation in head and neck cancer cases.

  Study phs002571

• Kids First: Congenital Heart Defects and Laterality Birth Defects

  Laterality defects occur in approximately 1:10,000 newborns and are associated with a range of structural birth defects and abnormalities of organ positioning. Gut malrotation, biliary atresia, asplenia or polysplenia, complex cardiovascular malformations, and midline defects such as neural tube defects, vertebral anomalies and rib fusions are found in various combinations in patients with laterality defects. In addition, a subset of laterality defects caused by abnormalities of cilia position or function are associated with additional medical problems such as chronic sinusitis and bronchiectasis that require specific preventive care; however these patients frequently are undiagnosed until late in disease course. The goal of this project is to elucidate the genetic architecture of laterality disorders in order to inform medical management and risk stratification and to prevent complications. Laterality disorders are genetically heterogeneous and we and others have previously identified single nucleotide variants inherited in an X-linked or autosomal recessive manner as explanations for a minority of cases. In addition, we have demonstrated copy number variants (CNVs) as a mechanism of disease that requires additional investigation. We hypothesize that the majority of cases result from complex genetic inheritance. We propose to investigate this hypothesis using a multifaceted analysis approach in our extremely well phenotyped cohort of 538 probands with laterality disorders. Nested within this cohort are 105 trios who have not had previous sequencing, probands who have had exome sequencing and are excellent candidates for gene discovery via whole genome sequencing (WGS), and families with multiple affected family members for family-based analysis. All trios will be analyzed by transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) including rare variant TDT. De novo mutations will also be identified from trios for potential gene discovery. Using all probands, we will identify the prevalence of pathogenic CNVs. In addition, we will perform burden analyses to identify genes, gene interactions, and pathways important for susceptibility to laterality disorders. Finally, our rare families with multiple affected members will be studied using family based segregation analysis. This comprehensive genetic analysis in patients with laterality disorders is necessary to identify the appropriate clinical diagnostic testing for risk stratification, to elucidate underlying genetic architecture and facilitate novel gene discovery, and to provide essential knowledge about genes and pathways impacting the development of laterality disorders.

  Study phs002589

• Kids First: Whole Genome Sequencing in Recessive Structural Brain Defects

  Almost 5% of all live births in the US (1:20 births) display an inborn defect, including both structural and functional/metabolic abnormalities. These are among the most common causes of Infant mortality in the developed world and underlie nearly half of hospitalizations in the first 3 years of life. Of the 35 major defects observable at birth from the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance Program (www.icbdsr.org, external link), about half involve the nervous system. Many of these result in lifelong neurodevelopmental disorders. Structural Brain Defects (SBDs) result from errors in development of the central nervous system, including defects in the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. Many SBDs arise as the consequence of a single gene bi-allelic mutation, and for this reason, occur more commonly in populations or communities with elevated consanguinity. Our lab has identified dozens of novel SBD genes using WES/WGS in consanguineous SBD families. Importantly, the genes that we and others have identified in these unique families are then used to advance diagnosis in pediatric SBDs around the world. We have built an enormous cohort of SBD families, including newly recruited families not yet studied genetically, and previous families that were negative for cause following WES analysis. Here we propose to collaborate with the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Program (X01) to have sequencing performed in individuals from a total of 200 families with genetically undiagnosed SBDs. The Gleeson Lab team of researchers is dedicated to the field of SBDs, with an outstanding track record of high-impact science, and a collaborative approach to discovery. We have 150 newly recruited families that we propose to study by WES by sequencing blood-derived DNA from two affected patients, or the parents and one affected patient. We also have 50 families in which WES was negative, which we propose to study in a multi-omics approach combining WGS from blood-derived DNA. We anticipate that this study will lead to the identification of many new molecular causes of SBDs, as well as uncover new genotype-phenotype correlations and new disease mechanisms, paving the way for future breakthroughs in detection, treatment and prevention.

  Study phs002590

• Kids First: Whole Genome Sequencing in Structural Defects of the Neural Tube

  Myelomeningocele (aka meningomyelocele, MM) is the most severe form of spina bifida, a neural tube defect (NTD) in humans and the most common CNS birth defect. MM is considered a genetically complex disease, and occurs in 3.72/10,000 live US birth, and is partly preventable with prenatal folate, but the genetic basis and the mechanisms by which folate work to reduce disease incidence remain obscure. MM is associated nearly uniformly with prenatal hydrocephalus and the Arnold-Chiari malformation, as well as paraplegia and lifelong neuromotor disability. The genes for several rare syndromic forms of NTDs are known, but the causes for the majority with sporadic MM remain unknown. Despite the importance of MM, most previous research has been limited to targeted sequencing and association studies of folate metabolism genes, or very small-scale exome sequencing. We hypothesize that de novo mutations (DNMs) produce likely gene disrupting (LGD) events that contribution to MM risk. Using conservative estimates of between 50-100 recurrently mutated discoverable genes contributing to risk, and our preliminary data demonstrating an excess of LGD DNMs in MM compared with control individuals, we estimate that with a cohort size of 1000 trios, we should uncover between 5-20 new recurrently mutated genes underlying MM, with minimal false-discovery. With this in mind, we formed the Spina Bifida Sequencing Consortium, and established a platform for data and sample sharing. Preliminary analysis of our first batch of 100 trios analyzed by WGS from GMKF suggests a wealth of important gene mutations. We have embarked on a new recruitment effort of an additional cohort of 400 new simplex MM trios, in collaboration with the US Spina Bifida Association, consented trios to allow for data sharing, and have performed detailed sample quality control. We also have preliminary data that use of dried bloodspot DNA from trios performs comparably to whole blood DNA, so will be happy to swap saliva for bloodspot recruitment at NIH’s preference. This cohort is now half-way assembled, with the remaining cohort to be ascertained in the next 6 months. We have established a workflow for de novo SNP/INDEL/SV detection from WGS and have ample computer storage and nodes to see the project to completion. We also plan to continue recruitment into the future with the goal of 2000 trios in the next 5 years. We propose a detailed bioinformatics workflow to identify gene mutations within a statistical framework, considering detailed scRNA expression profiling from developing mammalian neural tube, and have developed a robust functional validation workflow using Xenopus and mouse gene targeting. Our project has the potential to uncover a host of causes for this most common of the CNS birth defects, paving the way for future breakthroughs in detection, treatment, and prevention.

  Study phs002591

• Kids First: Genomic Etiologies of CHARGE Syndrome, Related Conditions and Structural Anomalies

  Developmental disorders with structural birth defects account for the majority of morbidity and mortality in children's hospitals, and the genetic bases of many clinical phenotypes remain unknown. Genetic testing for individuals with structural malformations has uncovered the basis of many such birth defects; however, many more cases remain unsolved, posing challenges for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Multiple anomaly conditions are particularly challenging to diagnose, since they often present with unique combinations of clinical features that vary widely between affected individuals, even in the same family. CHARGE Syndrome (Coloboma of the eye, Heart Defects, Atresia of the choanae, Retardation of growth and development, Genital abnormalities including pubertal delay and infertility, Ear abnormalities with deafness and vestibular disorders) is a multiple anomaly condition that affects a wide variety of organ systems. CHARGE Syndrome is caused in most cases by monoallelic pathogenic variants in CHD7, the gene encoding ATP-dependent helicase chromodomain DNA binding protein 7. Both de novo and inherited variants in CHD7 have been reported in CHARGE, and a growing number of families present with individuals who test positive for a pathogenic CHD7 variant yet exhibit only mild features. Similarly, individuals with CHARGE Syndrome often exhibit broad variability and reduced penetrance of clinical features, consistent with pleiotropic roles for CHD7 during development and/or additional genetic contributors or modifying alleles. Recent work has also implicated RERE, KMT2D, EP300, and PUF60 in having a role in CHARGE Syndrome.We hypothesize that (1) some cases of CHARGE are due to other genetic etiologies including oligogenicity, and (2) genetic modifiers contribute to the broad clinical variability and reduced penetrance of CHARGE features. To address these hypotheses, we have generated a cohort of 223 deeply clinically phenotyped individuals with CHARGE Syndrome and related disorders and structural anomalies who tested negative by chromosomal microarray, single gene sequencing, next generation panel sequencing, or exome sequencing. These individuals exhibit clinical CHARGE-like features including structural birth defects affecting craniofacial, ocular, neurosensory, brain, heart, mediastinal, renal, genitourinary, and skeletal organs. Our cohort includes these 223 individuals as well as affected and unaffected family members who consented to clinical and research genetic testing and donated blood samples for DNA and RNA isolation and sequencing. Building on this valuable cohort, we propose to use exome and genome sequencing to identify novel genetic etiologies of CHARGE and related developmental disorders for which alternative genetic tests have been inconclusive. Identification of novel pathogenic genetic variants and contributing modifier alleles within the coding and non-coding portion of the genome of these individuals will improve genetic diagnosis and provide important insights toward understanding the developmental mechanisms of structural birth defects.

  Study phs002592

• Kids First: Genetic Basis of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

  Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is estimated to occur in at least 1-5% of all children in the USA and is a major public health issue. However, in addition to alcohol, other susceptibility factors, such as maternal or fetal genetic variation, must play a role as not all children prenatally exposed to alcohol are similarly affected. The proposed study will examine the role of genetic susceptibility for FASD. This work will help to inform more effective intervention efforts for this common congenital disorder.

  Study phs002594

• Modeling Malignant Progression in Glioma

  Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumor in humans. Low-grade gliomas (WHO grade II) invariably progress to high-grade gliomas (WHO grade III or IV). Although malignant progression may take many years, the survival rate after transformation to a high-grade glioma is poor, often only 12-15 months. In this data set, we have identified low-grade gliomas that have progressed to high-grade gliomas or high-grade gliomas that have progressed from low-grade gliomas. Some cases are matched pairs (meaning we have both the original low-grade tumor and the subsequent high-grade tumor). The samples deposited have been analyzed with bulk-RNA sequencing. They are also de-identified but are clinically annotated. When available, genetic information including IDH mutation status, 1p/19q deletion and histological subtype are also included.

  Study phs002607

• Characterizing Disease-Causing Variants Using Personal Genomes with Large Recurrent Deletions

  Individuals with recurrent genomic deletions are known to present variable clinical phenotypes, despite the apparent identical range of the genomic segments being affected in their genomes. We propose to study the phenotypic variability and the molecular polymorphism in individuals with the recurrent 17q12 deletions or the recurrent 1q21.1 deletions, with the objective to establish causal relationship between the genotypes and the incompletely penetrant clinical phenotypes. Genome sequencing and phenotypic data from individuals with the deletions and their relatives are included in this submission.

  Study phs002613

• Multi-Omic Investigation of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome Hepatoblastoma

  Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common malignant liver tumor diagnosed in children under 5 years of age. One of the most common HB predisposition syndromes is Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS, OMIM 130650), which affects approximately 1/10,000 live births. In this study, we perform Whole Exome Sequencing (WES), DNA methylation array, messenger RNA-Sequencing (mRNA-Seq), and microRNA-Sequencing (miRNA-Seq) to examine the genomic, methylomic, and transcriptomic signature of BWS HB. We analyzed five tumor-normal paired samples, two BWS tumor only samples, and five non-BWS control samples to identify a predisposition and oncogenic signature of BWS HB development. 

  Study phs002614

• CIDR: NINDS High Throughput Genotyping Resource Access for Structural Hindbrain Disorders

  Recessive forms for many structural brain disorders (SBDs), including cerebellar hypoplasia (CBH), corpus callosum hypoplasia (CCH), cobblestone lissencephaly (COB), classical lissencephaly (LIS), microcephaly (MIC), and pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH), have been described. Patients usually present to the clinic with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including autism, epilepsy, intellectual disability, and cerebral palsy. Subsequent brain MRI usually leads to the diagnosis of an SBD. While a handful of genes that cause these diseases have been identified, most patients do not have mutations in these genes, suggesting that there is still much work to be done in identifying the genetic causes of these disorders. We have recruited a cohort of families with inherited SBDs, most from families with documented parental consanguinity with more than one affected member. Current approaches utilizing exome sequencing of SBD affected members still leave most cases unsolved, in part because there are too many possible variants to consider. Linkage analysis will allow us to extract all the useful genetic information from the family, taking advantage of each genetically informative meiosis in each family. We propose to analyze up to 100 SBD families for 500 samples per year for 4 years, through the CIDR SNP Genotyping Service, in parallel with already-funded exome sequencing of affects, leveraging off an already funded Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) effort to identify new causes of SBDs. Understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying recessive pediatric SBDs will lead to better diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities for patients, and may shed light on complex NDDs. Ultimately, this work will identify new genetic disease loci to provide insight into pediatric SBD, with the hope to mitigate the impact of SBD worldwide.Public Health Significance: NDDs affect approximately 4-­6% of the general population, most notably children, and are evident in disorders, such as intellectual disability, epilepsy, and autism, with estimated yearly costs of $51.2B for intellectual disability, $11.5B for cerebral palsy, and $2.5B for visual impairment, making up >5% of total health care costs. Recessive NDDs impose enormous personal, social, and economic costs because of the early onset and the lifetime of medical dependence that often ensues. Genetic testing is critical to the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. Many of the diseases under study have no treatment or cure. Structural brain diseases (SBDs) underlie a large percentage of these diseases, and are defined loosely as any condition in which defects in the structure or volume of a key brain component. SBDs are divided into major categories based upon the anatomical brain location. The major types involve the anatomical structures of the developing neural tube, forebrain, hindbrain, cerebral cortex, and those affecting overall brain size. For the purposes of this application, we have excluded SBDs resulting from environmental causes (i.e. prematurity-­induced), those below the brainstem, or those unlikely to be due to a germline or de novo mutation (i.e. focal SBDs or simplex disease).

  Study phs002621