3334 results for "*geneti*"

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• Enhancing Open Data Sharing for Functional Genomics Experiments: Measures to Quantify Genomic Information Leakage and File Formats for Privacy Preservation

  This study was designed to develop methods that address the privacy risk associated with genetic variants obtained from genomic sequencing experiments. The preponderance of readily available genetic sequencing experiments has enabled the generation of datasets whose target purposes range from the genotyping of individuals for medical and forensic analyses, to the acquisition of molecular information for biological model development. However, by virtue of the experimental procedure, the raw sequences are tagged with small bits of patients' private variant information. In addition, depending on the protocol, these experiments may identify sequences from exogenous species. Raw human and microbial sequences can be analyzed as a whole to learn both general facts about biology, but can also be used to determine sensitive information about an individual. This presents a privacy conundrum for data sharing.To address privacy concerns, we have developed several mathematical and computational approaches to quantify the risk of disclosure of sensitive information from genetic sequence data, and to sanitize the associated reads in a manner that optimally maintains the utility of the data. In addition, we have generated environmental samples containing genetic information from consented individuals to evaluate the risk posed by such data. These samples were then used to assess the efficacy of the computational methods. Human-derived and -associated samples that are damaged or obscured by environmental factors represent the scope of samples used for experimentation in this study. Samples include, but were not limited to, swabs of contacted objects and glass slides coated in saliva from consented individuals. Blood samples were also acquired from the same consented individuals to create gold-standard comparison datasets.

  Study phs003166

• Phenotypic and Genotypic Study of Keratoconus

  Keratoconus, a disease in which the cornea is abnormally steep and thin, affects approximately 1 in 2000 individuals and usually begins in the second decade of life. Keratoconus is a progressive disorder that results in loss of vision that cannot be alleviated by contact lenses or glasses alone and is a leading indication for corneal transplantation in developed countries (Udar et al., 2006, PMID: 16877401). Keratoconus has a strong genetic component, and while several causative genes are clearly suspected, the underlying pathogenic processes have not yet been identified. The goal of our research is to identify genes that harbor mutations contributing to keratoconus and underlying biochemical processes relevant to keratoconus pathogenesis and to develop a better understanding of the etiology of keratoconus, leading to improved detection, treatment, and management. We will enroll isolated keratoconus along with familial cases and unaffected relatives when available. The subject population will consist of individuals diagnosed with keratoconus and unaffected relatives in families. Individuals/families will be ascertained through support groups and clinical collaborators. The identities of the study participants will be known only to Dr. Chakravarti, the study coordinator, physicians in the team and the post-doctoral fellow(s) working directly on the project. DNA, lymphocytes, and lymphoblastoid cell lines may be prepared from the blood samples for future use. Molecular analyses using markers and sequencing and statistical analyses of these data will be used to identify regions of human chromosomes where putative keratoconus disease genes reside. Analyses of coding DNA sequences within genes from keratoconus subjects will be compared to published control sequences to identify disease specific variants. Additionally, to understand disease pathogenesis, subsets of patients may be asked to provide tear samples. Study subjects will not directly benefit from participation and results will not be disclosed to participants nor their health care providers, unless medically relevant.

  Study phs003168

• Malnutrition and Enteric Disease Network (Mal-ED) Birth Cohort in Brazil

  The Malnutrition and Enteric Disease Network (Mal-ED) Birth Cohort in Brazil enrolled 242 children between 2010 and 2014; an additional 101 infants recruited under the ICIDR (International Center for Infectious Disease Research) program and evaluated by the same procedures as Mal-ED were included in the cohort. The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of enteropathogens in causing intestinal inflammation and a failure of growth and development.This submission includes genetic and corresponding anthropometric data on a subset of 279 participants. More information on this project and its related projects can be found here: Studies of diarrheal susceptibility, growth, and development, in pediatric populations in Northeastern Brazil

  Study phs003172

• Malnutrition and Enteric Disease Network (Mal-ED) Case-Control Study in Brazil

  The Malnutrition and Enteric Disease Network (Mal-ED) Case-Control Study enrolled children in the age range 6-24 months between 2010 and 2014 in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.The aim of the study was to understand the etiology and pathogenesis of malnutrition. Children were prospectively enrolled cases defined as weight for age Z Score (WAZ) <-2 and age and neighborhood matched controls defined as WAZ>-1.This submission includes genetic and associated phenotypic data on a subset of 336 participants. More information on this project and its related projects can be found here: Studies of diarrheal susceptibility, growth, and development, in pediatric populations in Northeastern Brazil

  Study phs003173

• Intervention with Micronutrients and Long-Term Impact in Brazil-RECODISA

  Intervention with Micronutrients and Long-Term Impact in Brazil, a partnership between the Federal University of Ceará, Brazil and the University of Virginia, USA, enrolled infants in the age group of 2-36 months to investigate trends in gastrointestinal infections and their effects on growth and development and to identify genetic factors contributing to these diseases.A total of 1044 children from six urban communities in Brazil's semiarid region, were enrolled during active surveillance; those with diarrhea (three or more liquid stools in the last 24 hours at enrollment) were defined as a cases and matched with controls having no diarrhea during the past two weeks (at enrollment) to evaluate their growth and development. A subset of 664 children with their genetic and associated phenotypic data is included in this submission. More information on this project and its related projects can be found here: Studies of diarrheal susceptibility, growth, and development, in pediatric populations in Northeastern Brazil

  Study phs003174

• Long-term Impact and Intervention with Micronutrients in Brazil, Parque Universitário, Community-Based Study

  The Parque Universitário Zinc-Vitamin A cohort was a prospective, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial with 324 children enrolled between 2000 and 2004 and randomized into 8 treatment arms: Placebo, Vitamin A, Glutamine, Vitamin A + Glutamine, Zinc + Glutamine, Zinc, Vitamin A + Zinc, Vitamin A + Zinc + Glutamine.The Parque Universitário Zinc-Arginine study conducted between 2006 and 2010 enrolled 349 infants from the Parque Universitário favela in Fortaleza. Participants were randomized into Placebo, Zinc, and Zinc + Arginine arms.This submission includes genetic and corresponding anthropometric data on a subset of 210 participants from the Zinc-Vitamin A (96) and Zinc-Arginine cohorts (114). More information on this project and its related projects can be found here: Studies of diarrheal susceptibility, growth, and development, in pediatric populations in Northeastern Brazil

  Study phs003175

• ALS Compute

  Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of brain and spinal cord motor neurons. Half of ALS patients display cognitive symptoms of frontotemporal dementia (FTD); reciprocally, about 40% of FTD patients show motor neuron deficits, and approximately 15% develop overt ALS. The clinical overlap between ALS and FTD means that the two conditions are thought to represent a disease spectrum (ALS/FTD). In recent years, the identification of several genetic causes of ALS/FTD has contributed significantly to our understanding of disease pathogenesis. Unfortunately, one-third of the underlying genetic causes of familial cases and ~90% of sporadic cases of ALS/FTD remain unexplained. As such, there is a dire need to identify additional genetic factors contributing to ALS/FTD. Such studies require huge cohorts of harmonized whole genome sequencing (WGS) data sets from cases and controls. Currently, there are several major ongoing sequencing efforts for ALS patients. Numerous centers lead to inefficiency, especially in terms of overall costs. At a minimum, this includes the cost of high-performance computing, the storage of large data files, and the duplication of effort between groups. This lack of data harmonization between groups precludes sharing of genetic information and weakens collaborative efforts. The cost and logistics are also a barrier to attracting talented investigators to the ALS/FTD field. To overcome this unmet need, we have founded the ALS Compute project. We are centralizing the storage of ALS/FTD WGS data from every significant sequencing effort in the United States and beyond within a single Cloud environment. This approach will facilitate data harmonization and improve accessibility to the data. To accomplish this, we have made the data and the computational infrastructure available via the Terra platform hosted by NHGRI's Genomic Data Science Analysis, Visualization, and Informatics Lab-Space (AnVIL). This will allow researchers worldwide to access this wealth of data, develop new theories of the disease, and yield breakthroughs in our understanding of ALS/FTD.

  Study phs003184

• Temporal Evolution Reveals Bifurcated Lineages in Aggressive Neuroendocrine Small Cell Prostate Cancer Trans-Differentiation

  Trans-differentiation from adenocarcinoma to small cell neuroendocrine (SCN) cancer is an adverse consequence of treatment escape in various cancers, including prostate, lung, and bladder cancers (Balanis and Sheu et al., 2019 Cancer Cell). Expression of dominant negative p53 (TP53DN), myrAkt1, RB1-shRNA, c-Myc, and Bcl2(PARCB forward transformation) using human naïve prostate basal epithelial cells recapitulated both transcriptional and histological characteristics of small cell neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) (Park et al., 2018 Science). To study the temporal transcriptional landscape during this trans-differentiation process, we conducted a time course study using a PARCB model by integrating multi-omics sequencing, including bulk RNA-sequencing and ATAC-sequencing on samples taken at different time point, as well as single cell RNA sequencing on serial xenograft tumors. We found a common SCN pathway that resulted in two distinct end states defined by mutually exclusive expression of ASCL1 and ASCL2. Further investigation using CUT&RUN sequencing identified TFAP4 as a potential epigenetic regulator of both proteins. Our study reveals temporal and transcriptional changes from prostate adenocarcinoma to NEPC trans-differentiation.

  Study phs003230

• Overcoming Clinical Resistance to EZH2 Inhibition Using Rational Epigenetic Combination Therapy

  Essential epigenetic dependencies have become evident in many cancers. Based on functional antagonism between BAF/SWI/SNF and PRC2 in SMARCB1-deficient sarcomas, we and colleagues recently completed the clinical trial of the EZH2 inhibitor tazemetostat, leading to its FDA approval. However, the principles of tumor response to epigenetic therapy in general and tazemetostat in particular remain unknown. Using functional genomics of patient tumors and diverse experimental models, we defined molecular mechanisms of tazemetostat resistance. We found distinct classes of acquired mutations that converge on the RB1/E2F axis, decoupling EZH2-dependent differentiation and cell cycle control. This allows tumor cells to escape tazemetostat-induced G1 arrest despite EZH2 inhibition and suggests a general mechanism for effective EZH2 therapy. Using RNA-sequencing of patient tumor specimens, we identified specific genes as markers of a deficient RB1/E2F axis, which we propose as prospective biomarkers for therapy stratification. This offers a paradigm for rational epigenetic combination therapy suitable for immediate translation to clinical trials.This study was performed on archived tumor tissue collected as part of the above clinical trial at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Patient tumors were classified into "Response" or "Progression" groups based on RECIST 1.1 criteria. "Response" included tumors exhibiting a complete response, partial response, or stable disease. All other tumors were classified under the "Progression" group. Archived frozen tumor samples were weighed and up to 20-30mg were homogenized in RLT buffer, followed by extraction using the AllPrep DNA/RNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN catalog 80204) according to the manufacturer's instructions. RNA was eluted in 13 μL nuclease-free water. After RiboGreen quantification and quality control by Agilent BioAnalyzer, 1 μg of total RNA with DV200 percentages varying from 78% to 100% underwent ribosomal depletion and library preparation using the TruSeq Stranded Total RNA LT Kit (Illumina catalog RS-122-1202) according to instructions provided by the manufacturer with 8 cycles of PCR. Samples were barcoded and sequenced using NovaSeq 6000 in a PE150 mode, with the NovaSeq 6000 S4 Reagent Kit (Illumina). On average, 84 million paired reads were generated per sample and 70% of the data mapped to mRNA. For analysis, read adaptors were trimmed and quality filtered using 'trim_galore' and mapped to GRCh38/hg19 reference genome using STAR v2.7.9 with default parameters.

  Study phs003188

• Extrachromosomal DNA Amplification Contributes to Small Cell Lung Cancer Heterogeneity and is Associated with Worse Outcomes

  Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a very aggressive neuroendocrine lung cancer often associated with oncogenic MYC amplifications, which are known to drive SCLC heterogeneity marked by neuroendocrine (NE) and non-neuroendocrine (non-NE) cell states. The genetic mechanisms of MYC amplification and phenotypic plasticity between cell states is not known. Using data from cell-lines and a few patient-derived samples along with integrated whole-genome sequencing, long-range optical mapping, single-cell DNA sequencing, and fluorescence in situ hybridization, we have attempted to successfully characterize extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) as the primary source of MYC amplifications and driver fusions in SCLC.

  Study phs003190